ArticleBMC genomics2004
The association of Alu repeats with the generation of potential AU-rich elements (ARE) at 3' untranslated regions.
Article in BMC genomics, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- A 280 bp SINE insertion within the pig PLA2G16 could potentially modify gene expression through integration with its transcript.Journal of applied genetics · 2025Article
- RNA transcription and degradation of Alu retrotransposons depends on sequence features and evolutionary history.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
- Adenosine-to-inosine Alu RNA editing controls the stability of the pro-inflammatory long noncoding RNA NEAT1 in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology · 2021Article
- Multiple Alu Exonization in 3'UTR of a Primate-Specific Isoform of CYP20A1 Creates a Potential miRNA Sponge.Genome biology and evolution · 2021Article
- Review
- Transposable element dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus and regulation by histone conformation and Hsp90.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2018Article
- Enigma of Retrotransposon Biology in Mammalian Early Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells.Stem cells international · 2018Review
- The Alu neurodegeneration hypothesis: A primate-specific mechanism for neuronal transcription noise, mitochondrial dysfunction, and manifestation of neurodegenerative disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2017Article
- Translational repression by a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element in the 3' untranslated region.Nature communications · 2017Article
- Exaptive origins of regulated mRNA decay in eukaryotes.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2016Review
- Retrotransposons as regulators of gene expression.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2016Review
- Novel Role of 3'UTR-Embedded Alu Elements as Facilitators of Processed Pseudogene Genesis and Host Gene Capture by Viral Genomes.PloS one · 2016Article
- Intergenic Alu exonisation facilitates the evolution of tissue-specific transcript ends.Nucleic acids research · 2015Article
- microRNAs and Alu elements in the p53-Mdm2-Mdm4 regulatory network.Journal of molecular cell biology · 2014Review
- 3'-UTR-located inverted Alu repeats facilitate mRNA translational repression and stress granule accumulation.Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) · 2012Article
- Misfolded human tRNA isodecoder binds and neutralizes a 3' UTR-embedded Alu element.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2011Article
- The transcript repeat element: the human Alu sequence as a component of gene networks influencing cancer.Functional & integrative genomics · 2010Review
- Phylogenetic analysis of mRNA polyadenylation sites reveals a role of transposable elements in evolution of the 3'-end of genes.Nucleic acids research · 2008Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA significant portion (about 8% in the human genome) of mammalian mRNA sequences contains AU (Adenine and Uracil) rich elements or AREs at their 3' untranslated regions (UTR). These mRNA sequences are usually stable. However, an increasing number of observations have been made of unstable species, possibly depending on certain elements such as Alu repeats. ARE motifs are repeats of the tetramer AUUU and a monomer A at the end of the repeats ((AUUU)nA). The importance of AREs in biology is that they make certain mRNA unstable. Proto-oncogene, such as c-fos, c-myc, and c-jun in humans, are associated with AREs. Although it has been known that the increased number of ARE motifs caused the decrease of the half-life of mRNA containing ARE repeats, the exact mechanism is as of yet unknown. We analyzed the occurrences of AREs and Alu and propose a possible mechanism for how human mRNA could acquire and keep AREs at its 3' UTR originating from Alu repeats.
resultsInterspersed in the human genome, Alu repeats occupy 5% of the 3' UTR of mRNA sequences. Alu has poly-adenine (poly-A) regions at its end, which lead to poly-thymine (poly-T) regions at the end of its complementary Alu. It has been found that AREs are present at the poly-T regions. From the 3' UTR of the NCBI's reference mRNA sequence database, we found nearly 40% (38.5%) of ARE (Class I) were associated with Alu sequences (Table 1) within one mismatch allowance in ARE sequences. Other ARE classes had statistically significant associations as well. This is far from a random occurrence given their limited quantity. At each ARE class, random distribution was simulated 1,000 times, and it was shown that there is a special relationship between ARE patterns and the Alu repeats.
conclusionAREs are mediating sequence elements affecting the stabilization or degradation of mRNA at the 3' untranslated regions. However, AREs' mechanism and origins are unknown. We report that Alu is a source of ARE. We found that half of the longest AREs were derived from the poly-T regions of the complementary Alu.
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