ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2005
Energy cost and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors Relating to Sprint Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- Energy cost and body centre of mass' 3D intracycle velocity variation in swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- Effect of different breathing frequencies with breath-holding on muscle activity and coordination during butterfly swimming in national-level female swimmers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Identifying Differences in Swimming Speed Fluctuation in Age-Group Swimmers by Statistical Parametric Mapping: A Biomechanical Assessment for Performance Development.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2023Article
- Intracycle Velocity Variation in Swimming: A Systematic Scoping Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- The Modern Double-Poling Technique Is Not More Energy Efficient Than the Old-Fashioned Double-Poling Technique at a Submaximal Work Intensity.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Human thrust in aquatic environment: The effect of post-activation potentiation on flutter kick.Journal of advanced research · 2020Article
- A Novel Macro-Micro Approach for Swimming Analysis in Main Swimming Techniques Using IMU Sensors.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Article
- The effects of a 6-week core exercises on swimming performance of national level swimmers.PloS one · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Differences in kinematics and energy cost between front crawl and backstroke below the anaerobic threshold.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Article
- Butterfly Sprint Swimming Technique, Analysis of Somatic and Spatial-Temporal Coordination Variables.Journal of human kinetics · 2017Article
- Pacing the phasing of leg and arm movements in breaststroke swimming to minimize intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations.PloS one · 2017Article
- Comparison of Classical Kinematics, Entropy, and Fractal Properties As Measures of Complexity of the Motor System in Swimming.Frontiers in psychology · 2016Article
- Energetics and biomechanics of double poling in regional and high-level cross-country skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2015Article
- Intracyclic velocity variation and arm coordination for different skilled swimmers in the front crawl.Journal of human kinetics · 2014Article
- Coordination pattern variability provides functional adaptations to constraints in swimming performance.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2014Review
- The impact of immediate verbal feedback on the improvement of swimming technique.Journal of human kinetics · 2014Article
- Wave characteristics in breaststroke technique with and without snorkel use.Journal of human kinetics · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the intra-cycle variation of the horizontal velocity of displacement (dV) and the energy cost (EC) in butterfly stroke. Five Portuguese national level swimmers performed one maximal and two sub-maximal 200-m butterfly swims. The oxygen consumption was measured breath-by-breath by portable metabolic cart. A respiratory snorkel and valve system with low hydrodynamic resistance was used to measure pulmonary ventilation and to collect breathing air samples. Blood samples from the ear lobe were collected before and after each swim to analyse blood lactate concentration. Total energy expenditure ( E (tot)) and EC were calculated for each swim. The swims were videotaped in the sagittal plane with a set of two cameras providing dual projection from both underwater and above the water surface. The APAS system was used to analyse dV for the centre of mass. The E (tot) increased linearly with the increasing V, presenting a significant correlation coefficient between these parameters ( r =0.827, P <0.001). The increase in EC was significantly associated with the increase in the dV ( r =0.807, P <0.001). All data were presented as the mean value and the standard deviation. It is concluded that high intra-cycle variation of the velocity of the centre of mass was related to less efficient swimming and vice versa for the butterfly stroke.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.