Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
The effect of midazolam on visual search: Implications for understanding amnesia.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Underpowered samples, false negatives, and unconscious learning.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2016Pooled it
- Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow in Mesial Thalamus and Precuneus/PCC during Midazolam Induced Sedation Assessed with ASL.Neuroinformatics · 2018Trial
- Disruption of cortical integration during midazolam-induced light sedation.Human brain mapping · 2015Trial
- Using arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI to explore how midazolam produces anterograde amnesia.Neuroscience letters · 2012Trial
- Retrograde facilitation under midazolam: the role of general and specific interference.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2007Trial
- Midazolam does not inhibit association formation, just its storage and strengthening.Psychopharmacology · 2006Trial
- No explicit memory for individual trial display configurations in a visual search task.Memory & cognition · 2021Article
- The past, present, and future of selection history.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- Memory formation during anaesthesia: plausibility of a neurophysiological basis.British journal of anaesthesia · 2015Review
- Relationship of contextual cueing and hippocampal volume in amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients and cognitively normal older adults.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2015Article
- Why it's easier to remember seeing a face we already know than one we don't: preexisting memory representations facilitate memory formation.Psychological science · 2013Article
- Procedural learning and associative memory mechanisms contribute to contextual cueing: Evidence from fMRI and eye-tracking.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2012Article
- The hippocampus reevaluated in unconscious learning and memory: at a tipping point?Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2012Article
- Contribution of sedative-hypnotic agents to delirium via modulation of the sleep pathway.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2011Review
- Implicit memory for object locations depends on reactivation of encoding-related brain regions.Human brain mapping · 2011Article
- Memory systems do not divide on consciousness: Reinterpreting memory in terms of activation and binding.Psychological bulletin · 2009Review
- Awareness in contextual cuing with extended and concurrent explicit tests.Memory & cognition · 2008Article
- Midazolam, hippocampal function, and transitive inference: Reply to Greene.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2008Article
- Experience-dependent eye movements, awareness, and hippocampus-dependent memory.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2006Article
- Drug-induced amnesia hurts recognition, but only for memories that can be unitized.Psychological science · 2006Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The notion of multiple memory systems based on conscious accessibility has been supported largely by neuropsychological patient studies. Specifically, it was widely held that amnesic patients have impaired explicit memory performance but spared implicit memory performance. However, recent patient studies have called the implicit/explicit memory distinction into question. In this study, normal participants were tested on a visual search task, once after an injection of midazolam, an anesthetic that induces temporary amnesia, and once after an injection of saline. Under the influence of midazolam, participants did not show facilitation in search times for repeated configurations (contextual cuing), although there was a general speed-up in performance across blocks in both the midazolam and saline conditions. Neither the contextual-cuing effect nor the procedural-learning effect was available to subjective experience, yet only one of these was affected by midazolam-induced amnesia. These data call into question the notion that memory systems divide on the basis of subjective experience of consciousness or reportability. Rather, the findings support the contention that anterograde amnesia affects learning that depends on building novel associations in memory and that this deficit does not hinge upon accessibility to consciousness.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.