ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2004
Intestinal epithelial cells synthesize glucocorticoids and regulate T cell activation.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Concerted changes in the pediatric single-cell intestinal ecosystem before and after anti-TNF blockade.eLife · 2026Article
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- Chronic stress unleashes an intratumor phage-fibroblast-B cell circuit to promote tumor growth.Cancer cell · 2026Article
- Neuro-immune interactions in gastrointestinal oncology: Mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic potential.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Review
- Microbial regulation of stress-associated signaling molecules and its role in health and disease.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Mycobacteriumabscessus CYP123 is a steroid hydroxylase with an implication in host infection.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2025Article
- The gut-microbiota-brain axis: Focus on gut steroids.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Review
- Endogenous glucocorticoids and human immunity: Time to revisit old dogmas.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- Sex differences in intestinal morphology and increase in diencephalic neuropeptide Y gene expression in female but not male Pekin ducks exposed to chronic heat stress.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Perturbing local steroidogenesis to improve breast cancer immunity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The emerging role of gut hormones.Molecules and cells · 2024Review
- Prenatal Stress and Ethanol Exposure: Microbiota-Induced Immune Dysregulation and Psychiatric Risks.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Mouse testicular macrophages can independently produce testosterone and are regulated by Cebpb.Biological research · 2024Article
- Gene Expression Analysis before and after the Pelvic Flexure in the Epithelium of the Equine Hindgut.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- The cancer-immune dialogue in the context of stress.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- De novo steroidogenesis in tumor cells drives bone metastasis and osteoclastogenesis.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Clinical and cardiac characteristics of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2024Article
- Microbiota modulates the steroid response to acute immune stress in male mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Local Effects of Steroid Hormones within the Bone Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Butterflies in the gut: the interplay between intestinal microbiota and stress.Journal of biomedical science · 2023Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are important steroid hormones with widespread activities in metabolism, development, and immune regulation. The adrenal glands are the major source of GCs and release these hormones in response to psychological and immunological stress. However, there is increasing evidence that GCs may also be synthesized by nonadrenal tissues. Here, we report that the intestinal mucosa expresses steroidogenic enzymes and releases the GC corticosterone in response to T cell activation. T cell activation causes an increase in the intestinal expression of the steroidogenic enzymes required for GC synthesis. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that these enzymes are confined to the crypt region of the intestinal epithelial layer. Surprisingly, in situ-produced GCs exhibit both an inhibitory and a costimulatory role on intestinal T cell activation. In the absence of intestinal GCs in vivo, activation by anti-CD3 injection resulted in reduced CD69 expression and interferon-gamma production by intestinal T cells, whereas activation by viral infection led to increased T cell activation. We conclude that the intestinal mucosa is a potent source of immunoregulatory GCs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.