ArticleNature medicine2004
Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases.
Article in Nature medicine, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 221 papers.
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Who cites it
221 citing papers in PubMed.
- Isolation, antimicrobial evaluation, and in silico docking of spinasterol from Impatiens rothii Hook. f. tuber extract.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Paleopathology Meets Public Health: Deep-Time Syndemics and the Ecology of Emerging Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictors of Severe Herpes Zoster: Contributions of Immunosenescence, Metabolic Risk, and Lifestyle Behaviors.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- District-level ecological analysis of the association between stunting and infectious diseases among children under 2 years in Rwanda, 2020-2024.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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- Impact of dual climatic and socioeconomic factors on global trends in infectious disease outbreaks.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- The southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Abu Dhabi, UAE, is developing resistance to deltamethrin insecticide.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Children With IBD During the Omicron Wave: A Single-Center Experience in China.Gastroenterology research and practice · 2025Article
- Review
- On optimal control at the onset of a new viral outbreak.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
- How Do Flemish Laying Hen Farmers and Private Bird Keepers Comply with and Think about Measures to Control Avian Influenza?Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Patterns of Animal Rabies Prevalence in Northern South Africa between 1998 and 2022.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Article
- Spatial distribution of SARS-CoV-2 incidence, social inequality, housing conditions, and density in South-Eastern France: keys for future epidemics.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases Preventive Health Behavior (EID-PHB) Scale and Validation of the Complex Models.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- Evidence for an ancient aquatic origin of the RNA viral orderProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Disentangling local and global climate drivers in the population dynamics of mosquito-borne infections.Science advances · 2023Article
- Pillars for successful operationalization of one health as an ecosystem approach: experience from a human-animal interface in the Maasai steppe in Tanzania.One health outlook · 2023Article
- Characterising Biosecurity Initiatives Globally to Support the Development of a Progressive Management Pathway for Terrestrial Animals: A Scoping Review.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
161 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human-microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks.
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