Trial reportPsychopharmacology2005
Calorie restriction increases cigarette use in adult smokers.
Trial report in Psychopharmacology, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of total diet replacement programs on mental well-being: A systematic review with meta-analyses.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2022Pooled it
- Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- The effect of a very low calorie diet on subjective depressive symptoms and anxiety: meta-analysis and systematic review.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2019Pooled it
- Behavioral intervention to promote smoking cessation and prevent weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2009Pooled it
- Trial
- Slimming World in Stop Smoking Services (SWISSS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials · 2013Trial
- Trial
- Nicotine and food deprivation decrease the ability to resist smoking.Psychopharmacology · 2010Trial
- Resisting tempting foods and smoking behavior: implications from a self-control theory perspective.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2009Trial
- Food insecurity and elevated nicotine exposure among U.S. tobacco users: Evidence from NHANES.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Crosstalk between alcohol use disorder and obesity: two sides of the same coin?Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Pathological mechanisms of cigarette smoking, dietary, and sedentary lifestyle risks in vascular dysfunction: mitochondria as a common target of risk factors.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2023Review
- Exploration of the influence of body mass index on intra-network resting-state connectivity in chronic cigarette smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Relationship between food insecurity and smoking status among women living with and at risk for HIV in the USA: a cohort study.BMJ open · 2021Article
- Assessing the Role of Corticothalamic and Thalamo-Accumbens Projections in the Augmentation of Heroin Seeking in Chronically Food-Restricted Rats.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
- Homeostatic regulation of reward via synaptic insertion of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens.Physiology & behavior · 2020Review
- Alcohol sensitivity in women after undergoing bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study.Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery · 2020Article
- Modulatory Effects of Food Restriction on Brain and Behavioral Effects of Abused Drugs.Current pharmaceutical design · 2020Article
- Smoking and weight loss among smokers with overweight and obesity in Look AHEAD.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2018Article
- Augmentation of Heroin Seeking Following Chronic Food Restriction in the Rat: Differential Role for Dopamine Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell and Core.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleCigarette smokers weigh less than nonsmokers, and smokers often gain weight when they quit. This is a major barrier to smoking cessation, especially among women. However, strict dieting is not recommended during smoking cessation out of concern that it might promote relapse. This concern derives, in part, from the observation that calorie restriction increases self-administration of drugs of abuse in animals. This relationship has never been experimentally demonstrated in humans.
objectivesTo evaluate whether calorie restriction increases cigarette smoking in humans.
methodsSeventeen (nine males, eight females) healthy, normal-weight smokers not attempting to quit were cycled in partially counterbalanced order, double-blind, through four diets-normal calorie (2,000-2,800 kcal/day), low calorie (700 kcal/day deficit), low-carbohydrate (CHO)/normal-calorie, and low-CHO/low-calorie-for 6 days per diet in an inpatient research ward. Smoking was assessed by cigarette counts, breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels, and cigarette craving.
resultsCompared with the normal-calorie diet, while on the low-calorie diet, subjects smoked 8% more cigarettes (P<0.02) and had 11% higher breath CO levels (P<0.01). The low-CHO/normal-calorie diet showed no significant effect on either variable, but there was a 15% increase in breath CO levels (P<0.05) on the low-CHO/low-calorie diet. There were no changes in self-reported cigarette craving or mood.
conclusionsConsistent with animal studies, moderate calorie restriction was associated with a small but statistically significant increase in cigarette smoking, with no independent effect of CHO deprivation. These findings suggest that dieting may increase smoking behavior and could impede smoking-cessation attempts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.