ReviewDiabetes2004
Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes.
Review in Diabetes, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02502344 (The Research About the Influence of Medical Interventions in the Period of Insulin Resistance on Prevalence of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance), which is not on this map. Cited by 490 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Research About the Influence of Medical Interventions in the Period of Insulin Resistance on Prevalence of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance
Open the trial in the graphWho cites it
490 citing papers in PubMed, 1,092 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of Initial and Sustained Glycemic and Weight Response to Tirzepatide: A Post Hoc Analysis of SURPASS-4.Diabetes · 2025Trial
- Effect of broccoli sprout extract and baseline gut microbiota on fasting blood glucose in prediabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Nature microbiology · 2025Trial
- Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of diabetes research · 2025Trial
- Effect of Dietary Glycemic Index on β-Cell Function in Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Study.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Pancreaticoduodenectomy model demonstrates a fundamental role of dysfunctional β cells in predicting diabetes.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Trial
- Systematic Comparison of High-Fat Diet- and Streptozotocin-Induced Prediabetic Obese C57BL/6J Mouse Models: A Sex-Based Protocol Optimization Study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Adipocyte-derived exosomal ANGPTL2 promotes beta cell dysfunction via the EIF2α/ATF4/CHOP stress pathway in mice.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Glucocorticoid rhythm disruption drives hyperinsulinaemia in mice through beta cell glucocorticoid receptor signalling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Dual roles of renal tubular mitochondrial Akt1 in protecting against diabetic nephropathy and improving body glucose metabolism.The Journal of endocrinology · 2026Article
- Increased ADORA1 expression in pancreatic islets coincides with insulin secretory defects in human type 2 diabetes.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- β-Cell Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Secretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Exercise preserves β-cell function in type 2 diabetes by reshaping intra-islet macrophage-β-cell crosstalk.Life metabolism · 2026Article
- The Gut-Brain Axis in Metabolic Syndrome: Emerging Mechanisms and Perspectives in Personalized Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular 70 kDa heat shock protein in blood plasma binds insulin and modulates glycaemic control in vivo.Cell stress & chaperones · 2026Article
- Polyadenylation of insulin mRNA by Tent5a regulates pancreatic beta cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Impaired glucose tolerance and mild diabetes induce β-cell dysfunction in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- TBL1X/TBL1XR1 govern β-cell identity through a PAX6-containing gene regulatory network.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Hepatogenous diabetes in the era of precision medicine: diagnosis, management, and future directions.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Dapansutrile preserves pancreatic beta-cell function by regulating insulin vesicle membrane fusion and mitochondrial homeostasis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
430 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This article proposes five stages in the progression of diabetes, each of which is characterized by different changes in beta-cell mass, phenotype, and function. Stage 1 is compensation: insulin secretion increases to maintain normoglycemia in the face of insulin resistance and/or decreasing beta-cell mass. This stage is characterized by maintenance of differentiated function with intact acute glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Stage 2 occurs when glucose levels start to rise, reaching approximately 5.0-6.5 mmol/l; this is a stable state of beta-cell adaptation with loss of beta-cell mass and disruption of function as evidenced by diminished GSIS and beta-cell dedifferentiation. Stage 3 is a transient unstable period of early decompensation in which glucose levels rise relatively rapidly to the frank diabetes of stage 4, which is characterized as stable decompensation with more severe beta-cell dedifferentiation. Finally, stage 5 is characterized by severe decompensation representing a profound reduction in beta-cell mass with progression to ketosis. Movement across stages 1-4 can be in either direction. For example, individuals with treated type 2 diabetes can move from stage 4 to stage 1 or stage 2. For type 1 diabetes, as remission develops, progression from stage 4 to stage 2 is typically found. Delineation of these stages provides insight into the pathophysiology of both progression and remission of diabetes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.