ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2004
Atovaquone maintenance therapy prevents reactivation of toxoplasmic encephalitis in a murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atovaquone Targets Mitochondrial Metabolism and Enhances Radiosensitivity of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.Cancers · 2026Article
- Improved Bicyclic Pyrrolidine Analogues InhibitJournal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
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- The Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii strain BRI caused greater inflammation and impairment in anxiogenic behavior in mice, which was reverted by rosuvastatin treatment.Parasitology research · 2023Article
- Metallic Nanoparticles and Core-Shell Nanosystems in the Treatment, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Parasitic Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Sulfadiazine Plus Pyrimethamine Therapy Reversed Multiple Behavioral and Neurocognitive Changes in Long-Term Chronic Toxoplasmosis by Reducing Brain Cyst Load and Inflammation-Related Alterations.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Optimizing Pyrazolopyrimidine Inhibitors of Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 1 for Treatment of Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2020Article
- Neuronal impairment following chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection is aggravated by intestinal nematode challenge in an IFN-γ-dependent manner.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019Article
- Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models, and Current Clinical Practice.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2018Review
- Evaluation of Current and Emerging Antimalarial Medicines for Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii Growth in Vitro.ACS infectious diseases · 2018Article
- A Repurposed Drug for Brain Cancer: Enhanced Atovaquone Amorphous Solid Dispersion by Combining a Spontaneously Emulsifying Component with a Polymer Carrier.Pharmaceutics · 2018Article
- Curcumin nanoemulsion as a novel chemical for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice.International journal of nanomedicine · 2018Article
- Galectin-3 and Galectin-9 May Differently Regulate the Expressions of Microglial M1/M2 Markers and T Helper 1/Th2 Cytokines in the Brains of Genetically Susceptible C57BL/6 and Resistant BALB/c Mice Following Peroral Infection WithFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Treatment of Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis in Farm Ruminants: State of Knowledge and Future Trends.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2018Review
- Inhibition of Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (CDPK1) by Pyrazolopyrimidine Analogs Decreases Establishment and Reoccurrence of Central Nervous System Disease by Toxoplasma gondii.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2017Article
- Fetomaternal and Pediatric Toxoplasmosis.Journal of pediatric infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Nanomedicine advances in toxoplasmosis: diagnostic, treatment, and vaccine applications.Parasitology research · 2017Review
- Dectin-1-CD37 association regulates IL-6 expression during Toxoplasma gondii infection.Parasitology research · 2014Article
- Forward genetic screening identifies a small molecule that blocks Toxoplasma gondii growth by inhibiting both host- and parasite-encoded kinases.PLoS pathogens · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute therapy with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine is the treatment of choice for reactivated toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). Acute therapy is followed by lifelong maintenance therapy (secondary prophylaxis) with the same drugs at lower dosages. The use of pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine is hampered by severe side effects including allergic reactions and hematotoxicity. Alternative treatment regimens with pyrimethamine plus clindamycin or other antiparasitic drugs are less efficacious. Atovaquone nanosuspensions show excellent therapeutic effects for "acute" intravenous (i.v.) treatment of reactivated TE in a murine model. In the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone for oral "maintenance" therapy was investigated. Mice with a targeted mutation in the interferon regulatory factor 8 gene were latently infected with Toxoplasma gondii, developed reactivated TE, and received acute i.v. therapy with atovaquone nanosuspensions. Mice were then treated orally with atovaquone suspension or other antiparasitic drugs to prevent relapse of TE. Maintenance therapy with atovaquone at daily doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg (body weight) protected mice against reactivated TE and death. This maintenance treatment was superior to standard therapy with pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The latter combination was superior to the combination of pyrimethamine plus clindamycin. Inflammatory changes in the brain parenchyma and meninges, as well as parasite numbers, in the brains of mice confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone for maintenance therapy. Atovaquone was detectable in sera, brains, livers, and lungs of infected mice by high-performance liquid chromatography and/or mass spectrometry. In conclusion, atovaquone appears to be superior to the standard maintenance therapy regimens in a murine model of reactivated TE. The therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone for maintenance therapy against TE should be further investigated in clinical trials.
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