ArticleInfection and immunity2004
Rapid sequential changeover of expressed p44 genes during the acute phase of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Generation of Population-Level Diversity inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- ExperimentalFrontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Breaking in and grabbing a meal: Anaplasma phagocytophilum cellular invasion, nutrient acquisition, and promising tools for their study.Microbes and infection · 2013Review
- Antigen variability in Anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2012Article
- Subversion of NPC1 pathway of cholesterol transport by Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Cellular microbiology · 2012Article
- Evolution of antigen variation in the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Molecular biology and evolution · 2012Article
- Cloning of the major outer membrane protein expression locus in Anaplasma platys and seroreactivity of a species-specific antigen.Journal of bacteriology · 2011Article
- Molecular and cellular pathobiology of Ehrlichia infection: targets for new therapeutics and immunomodulation strategies.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2011Review
- Global proteomic analysis of two tick-borne emerging zoonotic agents: anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2011Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis: subversive manipulators of host cells.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2010Review
- Variant -and individual dependent nature of persistent Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2010Article
- Variant-specific and diminishing immune responses towards the highly variable MSP2(P44) outer membrane protein of Anaplasma phagocytophilum during persistent infection in lambs.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology · 2010Article
- Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum MSP2(P44)-18 predominates and is modified into multiple isoforms in human myeloid cells.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
- Outer membrane protein sequence variation in lambs experimentally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum p44 mRNA expression is differentially regulated in mammalian and tick host cells: involvement of the DNA binding protein ApxR.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Identification of novel surface proteins of Anaplasma phagocytophilum by affinity purification and proteomics.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Proteomic identification of a novel Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA binding protein that regulates a putative transcription factor.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Porin activity of Anaplasma phagocytophilum outer membrane fraction and purified P44.Journal of bacteriology · 2007Article
- Detection sensitivity and quantitation of Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcripts by real-time RT-PCR in comparison with conventional RT-PCR.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2006Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum immunodominant polymorphic major surface protein P44s have been hypothesized to go through antigenic variation, but the within-host dynamics of p44 expression has not been demonstrated. In the present study we investigated the composition and changes of p44 transcripts in the blood during the acute phase of well-defined laboratory A. phagocytophilum infections in naive equine hosts. Three traveling waves of sequential population changeovers of the p44 transcript species were observed within a single peak of rickettsemia of less than 1 month. During the logarithmic increase, the rapid switch-off of the initial dominant transcript p44-18 occurred regardless of whether the bacterium was transmitted by ticks or by intravenous inoculation. Each of the subsequently dominant p44 transcript species was phylogenetically dissimilar from p44-18. Development of antibody to the hypervariable region of P44-18 during the rickettsemia suggests the suppression of dominance of immuno-cross-reactive p44 populations. When A. phagocytophilum was preincubated with plasma from the infected horse and then coincubated with HL-60 cells, the dominance of the p44-18 transcript was rapidly suppressed in vitro and most of the newly emerged p44 transcript species were previously undetected in this horse. This work provides experimental evidence of within-host p44 antigenic variation. Results suggest that the rapid and synchronized switch of expression is an intrinsic property of p44s reinitiated after transmission to naive mammalian hosts and shaped upon exposure to immune plasma.
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