ReviewEmerging infectious diseases2004
Women and autoimmune diseases.
Review in Emerging infectious diseases, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 252 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sex-Specific COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Pooled it
- The impact of FMR1 gene mutations on human reproduction and development: a systematic review.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2016Pooled it
- Clinical features of acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Review
- Double negative T cells decline in inflammatory reproductive dysfunction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of Discrimination, Childhood Maltreatment, and Social Determinants of Health in Adult BIPOC Pain Disparities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Autoimmune diseases and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based cohort study of five million pregnancies in the UK.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Incidence of Using Physical, Mechanical Restraints and Seclusion in Saudi Mental Health Settings: A Prospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sex-stratified genetic regulators of cytokine production in the Dutch and Tanzanian populations.HGG advances · 2026Article
- Understanding the effect of estrogen on B cells: implications for immune health and autoimmunity.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Is a Functional Cure Possible in Autoimmune Diseases? Evidence from Trigger Eradication, Transplantation, and Cellular Therapies.Rheumatology and therapy · 2026Review
- Platelet-rich therapies in cutaneous and mucocutaneous disorders characterized by inflammatory tissue responses: mechanistic insights and clinical evidence.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Greater Neuroimmune System Deficit in Women Than Men With Alcohol Use Disorder.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- Effects of Ultra-Processed Diets on Adiposity, Gut Barrier Integrity, Inflammation, and Microbiota in Male and Female Mice.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Herpes Zoster Reactivation Following COVID-19 and the Risk of Renal, Infectious, and Autoimmune Complications: A Global Propensity-Matched Cohort Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- X and Y gene dosage effects are primary contributors to human sexual dimorphism: The case of height.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- XYGO: proposing a new holistic measure of gender identity and sexual orientation.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Immunotherapy Toxicities: Insights into Dimorphic Responses.Cancers · 2025Review
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect approximately 8% of the population, 78% of whom are women. The reasons for the high prevalence in women are unknown, but circumstantial evidence links autoimmune diseases with preceding infections. Animal models of autoimmune diseases have shown that infections can induce autoimmune disease. For example, coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) infection of susceptible mice results in inflammation of the heart (myocarditis) that resembles myocarditis in humans. The same disease can be induced by injecting mice with heart proteins mixed with adjuvant(s), which indicates that an active infection is not necessary for the development of autoimmune disease. We have found that CB3 triggers autoimmune disease in susceptible mice by stimulating elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines from mast cells during the innate immune response. Sex hormones may further amplify this hyperimmune response to infection in susceptible persons, which leads to an increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.