ArticleThe EMBO journal2004
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vesicles target toxin delivery into mammalian cells.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 210 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
210 citing papers in PubMed, 365 citations in OpenAlex.
- The gut microbiota and host immunity synergistically orchestrate colonization resistance.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- New insights into outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria from biogenesis to applications.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in the brain: Pathological effects and therapeutic possibilities.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Outer membrane vesicles as a versatile nanoplatform for advanced vaccine development and immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Prevalence of noncanonical virulence factors in the adherence and invasion by enterotoxigenicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Bentonite-Based Functional Nanoclay Enhances Bacteriophage Therapy against Enteric Infections via Toxin Adsorption and Microbiome Recovery.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
- Toward a better understanding of the ecological roles of extracellular vesicles from plant-associated bacteria.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Review
- Deciphering the immunomodulatory cross-talk: Bacterial extracellular vesicles in gut homeostasis.Virulence · 2025Review
- An Asset for Food Safety: The Knowledge Behind the Physiological Alterations Induced by ETEC Enterotoxins.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Concern in the Field of Environmental Contamination-Characterization, Impacts, and Response Strategies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Interaction vesicles as emerging mediators of host-pathogen molecular crosstalk and their implications for infection dynamics.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Exploit Filopodial Surfing and Retraction Mechanisms to Reach the Host Cell Body in an Actin-Dependent Manner.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Hemagglutinin Protease HapA Associated With Vibrio cholerae Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) Disrupts Tight and Adherens Junctions.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Potential of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in tumor vaccine: characteristics, advancements, and future directions.Essays in biochemistry · 2025Review
- Real-world of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in mitigation of acute experimental colitis.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Review
- A novel circular RNA circ_0020647 promotes ETEC-induced IPEC-J2 cell pyroptosis via the ssc-miR-185/BRD4 axis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Immune Responses Elicited by Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Important Players in Vaccine Development.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Impact of probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles on livestock gut barrier function.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2024Review
150 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a prevalent cause of traveler's diarrhea and infant mortality in third-world countries. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is secreted from ETEC via vesicles composed of outer membrane and periplasm. We investigated the role of ETEC vesicles in pathogenesis by analyzing vesicle association and entry into eukaryotic cells. Fluorescently labeled vesicles from LT-producing and LT-nonproducing strains were compared in their ability to bind adrenal and intestinal epithelial cells. ETEC-derived vesicles, but not control nonpathogen-derived vesicles, associated with cells in a time-, temperature-, and receptor-dependent manner. Vesicles were visualized on the cell surface at 4 degrees C and detected intracellularly at 37 degrees C. ETEC vesicle endocytosis depended on cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. Entering vesicles partially colocalized with caveolin, and the internalized vesicles accumulated in a nonacidified compartment. We conclude that ETEC vesicles serve as specifically targeted transport vehicles that mediate entry of active enterotoxin and other bacterial envelope components into host cells. These data demonstrate a role in virulence for ETEC vesicles.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.