ArticleJournal of virology2004
Cell-type-dependent effect of transforming growth factor beta, a major cytokine in breast milk, on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells or macrophages.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression profiling of human milk derived exosomal microRNAs and their targets in HIV-1 infected mothers.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Inhibition of miR-155 Promotes TGF-β Mediated Suppression of HIV Release in the Cervical Epithelial Cells.Viruses · 2021Article
- Dynamics of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine Induction During HIV-1 Infection Are Distinct From Other Innate Cytokines.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- TGF-β1 increases viral burden and promotes HIV-1 latency in primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- HIV-1 stimulates nuclear entry of amyloid beta via dynamin dependent EEA1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling.Experimental cell research · 2014Article
- Placental Hofbauer cells limit HIV-1 replication and potentially offset mother to child transmission (MTCT) by induction of immunoregulatory cytokines.Retrovirology · 2012Article
- Arc of a vicious circle: pathways activated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that target the HIV-1 long terminal repeat.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2011Review
- APOBEC3 proteins expressed in mammary epithelial cells are packaged into retroviruses and can restrict transmission of milk-borne virions.Cell host & microbe · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breastfeeding plays a substantial role in mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Mammary epithelial cells, as well as macrophages and lymphocytes, are thought to serve as sources of the virus in breast milk. Soluble factors in breast milk exert various biological functions, including immune tolerance or immune modulation, and may influence milk-borne infection with HIV-1. In this study we show that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a major cytokine in breast milk, inhibited HIV-1 infection of mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells but enhanced that of macrophages. TGF-beta downregulated the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter in MCF-7 cells but upregulated it in macrophages. Stimulation with TGF-beta suppressed NF-kappaB binding to the HIV-1 LTR in MCF-7 cells, at least in part by downregulating induced IkappaB kinase expression. Cell type-dependent effects of TGF-beta on HIV-1 expression may play a role in milk-borne infection with HIV-1.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.