ArticleJournal of virology2004
Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of replication-deficient influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Dose-Dependent Alterations in Lung Immune Subpopulations in Influenza a Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A CXCL10-Expressing Influenza Vector Induces Robust Adaptive Immunity Despite Strong Attenuation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
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- IgGκ Signal Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of an Influenza Vector Vaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
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- Enhancement of the Local CD8Vaccines · 2021Article
- Intranasal Immunization with the Influenza A Virus Encoding Truncated NS1 Protein Protects Mice from Heterologous Challenge by Restraining the Inflammatory Response in the Lungs.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Molecular Evolution of the Influenza A Virus Non-structural Protein 1 in Interspecies Transmission and Adaptation.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Registered Influenza Viral Vector BasedFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Acetylation at K108 of the NS1 protein is important for the replication and virulence of influenza virus.Veterinary research · 2020Article
- Type I and Type III Interferons Differ in Their Adjuvant Activities for Influenza Vaccines.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Interferon-λ enhances adaptive mucosal immunity by boosting release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin.Nature immunology · 2019Article
- Nonimmunogenetic Viral Capsid Carrier with Cancer Targeting Activity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2018Article
- Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Review
- Induction of innate immunity and its perturbation by influenza viruses.Protein & cell · 2015Review
- The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014.Antiviral research · 2015Review
- Induction of CD8 T cell heterologous protection by a single dose of single-cycle infectious influenza virus.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Influenza A virus attenuation by codon deoptimization of the NS gene for vaccine development.Journal of virology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We explored the immunogenic properties of influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes (NS1 mutant viruses). NS1 mutant viruses expressing NS1 proteins with an impaired RNA-binding function or insertion of a longer foreign sequence did not replicate in murine lungs but still were capable of inducing a Th1-type immune response resulting in significant titers of virus-specific serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) and IgA, but with lower titers of IgG1. In contrast, replicating viruses elicited high titers of serum and mucosal IgG1 but less serum IgA. Replication-deficient NS1 mutant viruses induced a rapid local release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6. Moreover, these viruses also elicited markedly higher levels of IFN-alpha/beta in serum than the wild-type virus. Comparable numbers of virus-specific primary CD8(+) T cells were determined in all of the groups of immunized mice. The most rapid onset of the recall CD8(+)-T-cell response upon the wild-type virus challenge was detected in mice primed with NS1 mutant viruses eliciting high levels of cytokines. It is noteworthy that there was one NS1 mutant virus encoding NS1 protein with a deletion of 40 amino acids predominantly in the RNA-binding domain that induced the highest levels of IFN-alpha/beta, IL-6 and IL-1beta after infection. Mice that were immunized with this virus were completely protected from the challenge infection. These findings indicate that a targeted modification of the RNA-binding domain of the NS1 protein is a valuable technique to generate replication-deficient, but immunogenic influenza virus vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.