ArticleClinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology2004
Diagnosis of norwalk virus infection by indirect enzyme immunoassay detection of salivary antibodies to recombinant norwalk virus antigen.
Article in Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Response to Tetanus and Pneumococcal Vaccination Following Administration of Ixekizumab in Healthy Participants.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2017Trial
- Optimized Aptamer-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for Specific Detection of GII.4 Human Norovirus in Feces.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of saliva-based testing as a Vibrio cholerae surveillance tool among naturally infected patients.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Human Norovirus GII.4 and GII.17 Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) Exhibit Specific Binding and Inhibit VLPs from Entering Cells.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Norovirus-Associated Gastroenteritis Vesikari Score and Pre-Existing Salivary IgA in Young Children from Rural South Africa.Viruses · 2023Article
- Blockade Antibody Responses in Human Subjects Challenged with a New Snow Mountain Virus Inoculum.Archives of microbiology & immunology · 2023Article
- Recreational water exposure and waterborne infections in a prospective salivary antibody study at a Lake Michigan beach.Scientific reports · 2021Observational
- Salivary Antibodies against Multiple Environmental Pathogens Found in Individuals Recreating at an Iowa Beach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Humoral and Mucosal Immune Responses to Human Norovirus in the Elderly.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Minimally Invasive Saliva Testing to Monitor Norovirus Infection in Community Settings.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Visitors to a Tropical Marine Beach Show Evidence of Immunoconversions to Multiple Waterborne Pathogens.Frontiers in public health · 2019Article
- Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections.Water research · 2018Observational
- Article
- Asymptomatic norovirus infection associated with swimming at a tropical beach: A prospective cohort study.PloS one · 2018Article
- Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection.Journal of immunological methods · 2017Article
- Immunoprevalence to Six Waterborne Pathogens in Beachgoers at Boquerón Beach, Puerto Rico: Application of a Microsphere-Based Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay.Frontiers in public health · 2017Article
- Developing a Salivary Antibody Multiplex Immunoassay to Measure Human Exposure to Environmental Pathogens.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2016Article
- Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings.Current environmental health reports · 2016Review
- Application of salivary antibody immunoassays for the detection of incident infections with Norwalk virus in a group of volunteers.Journal of immunological methods · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Simple diagnostic tests are needed for the detection of norovirus (NoV) outbreaks. Salivary antibody assays provide an attractive alternative to collecting and testing serum or stool samples. Antibodies to Norwalk virus (NV) in oral fluid samples were compared with NV antibodies in serum collected from 38 volunteers challenged with NV inoculum. Pre- and postchallenge (day 4, 8, 14, and 21) saliva and serum samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using recombinant NV antigen. Of 18 infected subjects (those who shed NV in stool or who demonstrated immunoglobulin G [IgG] seroconversion), 15 (83%) had > or =4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgA and 15 (83%) had > or =4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgG when prechallenge and postchallenge saliva samples were compared. When the results of the IgA and IgG assays were combined, all 18 infected subjects showed > or =4-fold increases in NV-specific salivary IgG or IgA postchallenge titers compared to their prechallenge titers. One of 19 uninfected subjects had a > or =4-fold increase in NV-specific salivary IgG. The sensitivity of the combined assay results was 100%, and the specificity was 95%. NV-specific salivary IgA titers peaked around 14 days postchallenge. NV-specific salivary IgG and serum IgG titers continued to rise through 21 days postchallenge. The application of this EIA to an elementary school outbreak indicated that 67% of the subjects with confirmed infections had >4-fold rises in anti-NoV IgA when an antigen in the same genetic cluster as the outbreak virus was used. This is the first documented mucosal antibody response to NoV in children. This EIA provides a useful approach for diagnosing NoV outbreaks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.