ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2004
Metamodulation of a spinal locomotor network by nitric oxide.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic emotion fabric theory: a new framework for understanding the biology of flexible emotion states.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Review
- Feeding state-specific hormonal tuning of neural circuit modulation.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Novel Insights on Nitric Oxide Synthase and NO Signaling in Ascidian Metamorphosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Bimodal modulation of short-term motor memory via dynamic sodium pumps in a vertebrate spinal cord.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- Modulation of spinal motor networks by astrocyte-derived adenosine is dependent on DJournal of neurophysiology · 2018Article
- Developmental changes in spinal neuronal properties, motor network configuration, and neuromodulation at free-swimming stages of Xenopus tadpoles.Journal of neurophysiology · 2018Article
- Gliotransmission and adenosinergic modulation: insights from mammalian spinal motor networks.Journal of neurophysiology · 2017Review
- Sodium Pumps Mediate Activity-Dependent Changes in Mammalian Motor Networks.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2017Article
- A behaviorally related developmental switch in nitrergic modulation of locomotor rhythmogenesis in larval Xenopus tadpoles.Journal of neurophysiology · 2016Article
- Adenosine-mediated modulation of ventral horn interneurons and spinal motoneurons in neonatal mice.Journal of neurophysiology · 2015Article
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- Nitric oxide-mediated modulation of the murine locomotor network.Journal of neurophysiology · 2014Article
- Article
- Dopamine: a parallel pathway for the modulation of spinal locomotor networks.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2014Review
- Gating the polarity of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity by nitric oxide in the spinal locomotor network.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2012Article
- Nitric oxide synthase regulates morphogenesis of zebrafish spinal cord motoneurons.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2010Article
- Hormonal modulation of sensorimotor integration.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2010Article
- Estradiol interacts with an opioidergic network to achieve rapid modulation of a vocal pattern generator.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2010Article
- How neurons generate behavior in a hatchling amphibian tadpole: an outline.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2010Article
- Measured motion: searching for simplicity in spinal locomotor networks.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2009Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Flexibility in the output of spinal networks can be accomplished by the actions of neuromodulators; however, little is known about how the process of neuromodulation itself may be modulated. Here we investigate the potential "meta"-modulatory hierarchy between nitric oxide (NO) and noradrenaline (NA) in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. NO and NA have similar effects on fictive swimming; both potentiate glycinergic inhibition to slow swimming frequency and GABAergic inhibition to reduce episode durations. In addition, both modulators have direct effects on the membrane properties of motor neurons. Here we report that antagonism of noradrenergic pathways with phentolamine dramatically influences the effect of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) on swimming frequency, but not its effect on episode durations. In contrast, scavenging extracellular NO with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) does not influence any of the effects of NA on fictive swimming. These data place NO above NA in the metamodulatory hierarchy, strongly suggesting that NO works via a noradrenergic pathway to control glycine release but directly promotes GABA release. We confirmed this possibility using intracellular recordings from motor neurons. In support of a natural role for NO in the Xenopus locomotor network, PTIO not only antagonized all of the effects of SNAP on swimming but also, when applied on its own, modulated both swimming frequency and episode durations in addition to the underlying glycinergic and GABAergic pathways. Collectively, our results illustrate that NO and NA have parallel effects on motor neuron membrane properties and GABAergic inhibition, but that NO serially metamodulates glycinergic inhibition via NA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.