ArticleInfection and immunity2004
The Type II heat-labile enterotoxins LT-IIa and LT-IIb and their respective B pentamers differentially induce and regulate cytokine production in human monocytic cells.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin induces cell death and disrupts effector functions in porcine monocytes.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- The diverse landscape of AB5-type toxins.Engineering microbiology · 2023Review
- Shiga Toxin, Stx2e, Influences the Activity of Porcine Lymphocytes In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- RecombinantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Role ofToxins · 2020Review
- Article
- An Enterotoxin-Like Binary Protein from Pseudomonas protegens with Potent Nematicidal Activity.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Expression and Regulation of Cholecystokinin Receptor in the Chicken's Immune Organs and Cells.Journal of clinical & cellular immunology · 2016Article
- Cell clustering and delay/arrest in T-cell division implicate a novel mechanism of immune modulation by E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B-subunits.Cellular immunology · 2015Article
- Mechanisms of inflammasome activation by Vibrio cholerae secreted toxins vary with strain biotype.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- Article
- Type II heat-labile enterotoxins: structure, function, and immunomodulatory properties.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology · 2013Review
- TLR2-dependent modulation of dendritic cells by LT-IIa-B5, a novel mucosal adjuvant derived from a type II heat-labile enterotoxin.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2011Article
- Distinctive immunomodulatory and inflammatory properties of the Escherichia coli type II heat-labile enterotoxin LT-IIa and its B pentamer following intradermal administration.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2011Article
- Characterization of antigen-presenting cells induced by intragastric immunization with recombinant chimeric immunogens constructed from Streptococcus mutans AgI/II and type I or type II heat-labile enterotoxins.Molecular oral microbiology · 2011Article
- Cholera toxin impairs the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells, inducing professional antigen-presenting myeloid cells.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Article
- LT-IIc, a new member of the type II heat-labile enterotoxin family encoded by an Escherichia coli strain obtained from a nonmammalian host.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Review
- Binding to gangliosides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid is sufficient to mediate the immunomodulatory properties of the nontoxic mucosal adjuvant LT-IIb(T13I).Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The type II heat-labile enterotoxins, LT-IIa and LT-IIb, exhibit potent adjuvant properties. However, little is known about their immunomodulatory activities upon interaction with innate immune cells, unlike the widely studied type I enterotoxins that include cholera toxin (CT). We therefore investigated interactions of LT-IIa and LT-IIb with human monocytic THP-1 cells. We found that LT-II enterotoxins were inactive in stimulating cytokine release, whereas CT induced low levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8. However, all three enterotoxins potently regulated cytokine induction in cells activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or fimbriae. Induction of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha]) or chemotactic (IL-8) cytokines was downregulated, whereas induction of cytokines with anti-inflammatory (IL-10) or mucosal adjuvant properties (IL-1beta) was upregulated by the enterotoxins. These effects appeared to depend on their A subunits, because isolated B-pentameric subunits lacked regulatory activity. Enterotoxin-mediated inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine induction in activated cells was partially attributable to synergism for endogenous production of IL-10 and to an IL-10-independent inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. In sharp contrast to the holotoxins, the B pentamers (LT-IIaB and, to a greater extent, LT-IIbB) stimulated cytokine production, suggesting a link between the absence of the A subunit and increased proinflammatory properties. In this regard, the ability of LT-IIbB to activate NF-kappaB and induce TNF-alpha and IL-8 was antagonized by the LT-IIb holotoxin. These findings support distinct immunomodulatory roles for the LT-II holotoxins and their respective B pentamers. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory properties of the holotoxins may serve to suppress innate immunity and promote the survival of the pathogen.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.