ArticleRegulatory peptides2004
Secretion of incretin hormones (GIP and GLP-1) and incretin effect after oral glucose in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Article in Regulatory peptides, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04131582 (Effect of a Quadruple Therapy on Pancreatic Islet Function, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Function in Patients With Mixed Prediabetes and Obesity), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of a Quadruple Therapy on Pancreatic Islet Function, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Function in Patients With Mixed Prediabetes and Obesity: Randomized Clinical Trial
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- New Perspectives in Modulating the Entero-Insular Axis in Pediatric Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Intermittent versus continuous enteral nutrition attenuates increases in insulin and leptin during short-term bed rest.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Trial
- Minor Contribution of Endogenous GLP-1 and GLP-2 to Postprandial Lipemia in Obese Men.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Steroid-induced insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance are both associated with a progressive decline of incretin effect in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2012 · on this mapTrial
- Clinical Potential of GIP in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- GIP in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease: From Physiology to Pharmacology.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Exploratory Analysis of Circulating GLP-1, GIP, and TMAO in Relation to Coronary Artery Disease Severity in Patients with Exertional Angina.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Postoperative insulin requirements in surgical patients receiving fully automated insulin delivery in the hospital.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Adipose Tissue: A Novel Target of the Incretin Axis? A Paradigm Shift in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Evaluating glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon as key regulators of insulin secretion in the pancreatic islet.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Pharmacological Advances in Incretin-Based Polyagonism: What We Know and What We Don't.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- Antidiabetic Drugs in Breast Cancer Patients.Cancers · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Incretin hormones and type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- Article
- The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Islet Function, Insulin Secretion, and Glucose Control.Endocrine reviews · 2019Review
- Genetically engineered pigs as models for human disease.Disease models & mechanisms · 2018Review
- Observational
- Simulation of oral glucose tolerance tests and the corresponding isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion studies for calculation of the incretin effect.Journal of Korean medical science · 2014Article
- Genetically modified pigs to model human diseases.Journal of applied genetics · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisSince insulin secretion in response to exogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is diminished not only in patients with type 2 diabetes, but also in their normal glucose-tolerant first-degree relatives, it was the aim to investigate the integrity of the entero-insular axis in such subjects.
methodsSixteen first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes (4 male, 12 female, age 50+/-12 years, BMI 26.1+/-3.8 kg/m(2)) and 10 matched healthy controls (negative family history, 6 male, 4 female, 45+/-13 years, 26.1+/-4.2 kg/m(2)) were examined with an oral glucose load (75 g) and an "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose infusion. Blood was drawn over 240 min for plasma glucose (glucose oxidase), insulin, C-peptide, GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1; specific immunoassays).
resultsThe pattern of glucose concentrations could precisely be copied by the intravenous glucose infusion (p=0.99). Insulin secretion was stimulated significantly more by oral as compared to intravenous glucose in both groups (p<0.0001). The percent contribution of the incretin effect was similar in both groups (C-peptide: 61.9+/-5.4 vs. 64.4+/-5.8%; p=0.77; insulin: 74.2+/-3.3 vs. 75.8+/-4.9; p=0.97; in first-degree relatives and controls, respectively). The individual responses of GIP and GLP-1 secretion were significantly correlated with each other (p=0.0003). The individual secretion of both GIP and GLP-1 was identified as a strong predictor of the integrated incremental insulin secretory responses as well as of the incretin effect. CONCLUSION/
interpretationDespite a lower insulin secretory response to exogenous GIP, incretin effects are similar in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects. This may be the result of a B cell secretory defect that affects stimulation by oral and intravenous glucose to a similar degree. Nevertheless, endogenous secretion of GIP and GLP-1 is a major determinant of insulin secretion after oral glucose.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.