ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2004
Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nitazoxanide in the Treatment of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral load: a systematic review.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2010Pooled it
- The Interaction between HIV and Intestinal Helminth Parasites Coinfection with Nutrition among Adults in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.BioMed research international · 2017Trial
- Tuberculin skin-test reactions are unaffected by the severity of hyperendemic intestinal helminth infections and co-infections.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2010Trial
- Changes in plasma cytokines after treatment of ascaris lumbricoides infection in individuals with HIV-1 infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Trial
- Prevalence and correlates of helminth co-infection in Kenyan HIV-1 infected adults.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2010Trial
- Albendazole treatment of HIV-1 and helminth co-infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.AIDS (London, England) · 2008Trial
- Treatment of intestinal helminths does not reduce plasma concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in coinfected Zambian adults.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2005Trial
- The human immunome in the post-schistosomiasis mass drug administration era.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Maladaptive Trained Immunity Drives Persistent IL-6 Production and Enhanced TLR Responsiveness in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages from People Living with HIV.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Microplastic Pollution: A Global Environmental Crisis Impacting Marine Life, Human Health, and Potential Innovative Sustainable Solutions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- miR-23a-mediated TRF2 repression in CD4 T cells from PLWH.Molecular immunology · 2025Article
- HIV-Helminth Co-Infections and Immune Checkpoints: Implications for Cancer Risk in South Africa.Viruses · 2025Article
- Cytokine profiles and CD4 counts in HIV-positive individuals with cysticercosis: implications for sex-specific immune responses in co-endemic regions of Tanzania.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Evaluating the modulation of peripheral immune profile in people living with HIV and (Neuro)cysticercosis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Telomere Length in a South African Population Co-Infected with HIV and Helminths.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Cytokine Gene Expression Profiles during HIV and Helminth Coinfection in Underprivileged Peri-Urban South African Adults.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Immune resilience despite inflammatory stress promotes longevity and favorable health outcomes including resistance to infection.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Review
- The Many Faces of Immune Activation in HIV-1 Infection: A Multifactorial Interconnection.Biomedicines · 2023Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is present also, with very similar characteristics, in very large human populations infested with helminthic infections. We have tried to review the studies addressing the changes in the immune profiles and responses of hosts infected with either one of these two chronic infections. Not surprisingly, several of the immune derangements and impairments seen in HIV infection, and considered by many to be the "specific" effects of HIV, can be found in helminth-infected but HIV-noninfected individuals and can thus be accounted for by the chronic immune activation itself. A less appreciated element in chronic immune activation is the immune suppression and anergy which it may generate. Both HIV and helminth infections represent this aspect in a very wide and illustrative way. Different degrees of anergy and immune hyporesponsiveness are present in these infections and probably have far-reaching effects on the ability of the host to cope with these and other infections. Furthermore, they may have important practical implications, especially with regard to protective vaccinations against AIDS, for populations chronically infected with helminths and therefore widely anergic. The current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anergy by chronic immune activation is thoroughly reviewed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.