ArticleThe Biochemical journal2005
The roles of Sp1, Sp3, USF1/USF2 and NRF-1 in the regulation and three-dimensional structure of the Fragile X mental retardation gene promoter.
Article in The Biochemical journal, 2005. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating Potential 5' UTR G-Quadruplexes Within NRF2 mRNA.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Plant Promoters and Terminators for High-Precision Bioengineering.Biodesign research · 2023Review
- USF2 reduces BMP3 expression via transcriptional activation of miR-34a, thus promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.Journal of bone and mineral metabolism · 2021Article
- DNA Methylation, Mechanisms ofBiomolecules · 2021Review
- Interplay between NRF1, E2F4 and MYC transcription factors regulating common target genes contributes to cancer development and progression.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2018Review
- Alterations in the Sp1 binding and Fmr-1 gene expression in the cortex of the brain during maturation and aging of mouse.Molecular biology reports · 2014Article
- The fragile x mental retardation syndrome 20 years after the FMR1 gene discovery: an expanding universe of knowledge.The Clinical biochemist. Reviews · 2011Article
- The distribution of repressive histone modifications on silenced FMR1 alleles provides clues to the mechanism of gene silencing in fragile X syndrome.Human molecular genetics · 2010Article
- Identification of novel FMR1 variants by massively parallel sequencing in developmentally delayed males.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2010Article
- Differential expression of Fmr-1 mRNA and FMRP in female mice brain during aging.Molecular biology reports · 2008Article
- Age- and sex-dependent differential interaction of nuclear trans-acting factors with Fmr-1 promoter in mice brain.Neurochemical research · 2008Article
- NF-Y, AP2, Nrf1 and Sp1 regulate the fragile X-related gene 2 (FXR2).The Biochemical journal · 2006Article
- The gene encoding the fragile X RNA-binding protein is controlled by nuclear respiratory factor 2 and the CREB family of transcription factors.Nucleic acids research · 2006Article
- The TGF-beta1/upstream stimulatory factor-regulated PAI-1 gene: potential involvement and a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology · 2006Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Expansion of a CGG.CCG-repeat tract in the 5'-untranslated region of the FMR1 (Fragile X mental retardation 1) gene causes its aberrant transcription. This produces symptoms ranging from premature ovarian failure and Fragile X associated tremor and ataxia syndrome to FMR syndrome, depending on the size of the expansion. The promoter from normal alleles shows four protein-binding regions in vivo. We had previously shown that in mouse brain extracts two of these sites are bound by USF1/USF2 (upstream stimulatory factors 1 and 2) heterodimers and NRF-1 (nuclear respiratory factor-1). We also showed that these sites are involved in the positive regulation of FMR1 transcription in neuronally derived cells. In the present study, we show that Sp1 (specificity protein 1) and Sp3 are also strong positive regulators of FMR1 promoter activity. We also show that, like Sp1 and E-box-binding proteins such as USF1 and USF2, NRF-1 causes DNA bending, in this case producing a bend of 57 degrees towards the major groove. The combined effect of the four protein-induced bends on promoter geometry is the formation of a highly compact arch-like structure in which the 5' end of the promoter is brought in close proximity to the 3' end. We had previously shown that while point mutations in the GC-boxes decrease promoter activity, deletion of either one of them leads to an increase in promoter activity. We can reconcile these observations with the positive effect of Sp1 and Sp3 if protein-induced bending acts, at least in part, to bring together distally spaced factors important for transcription initiation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.