ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
The host response to smallpox: analysis of the gene expression program in peripheral blood cells in a nonhuman primate model.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comprehensive overview of monkeypox virus disease.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Review
- Distinct Inflammatory Immune Signature in Acute Mpox Associated With Proctitis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- Uncovering the impact of infection routes on within-host MPXV dynamics: Insights from a mathematical modeling study.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Monkeypox virus quadrivalent mRNA vaccine induces immune response and protects against vaccinia virus.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Article
- Review
- The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2022Review
- Innate Immune Responses to Wildtype and Attenuated Sheeppox Virus Mediated Through RIG-1 Sensing in PBMCFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Chemokines cooperate with TNF to provide protective anti-viral immunity and to enhance inflammation.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Article
- Article
- Cytokine modulation correlates with severity of monkeypox disease in humans.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2015Article
- Systems kinomics for characterizing host responses to high-consequence pathogens at the NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility-Frederick.Pathogens and disease · 2014Review
- Review
- Article
- The impact of "omic" and imaging technologies on assessing the host immune response to biodefence agents.Journal of immunology research · 2014Review
- Article
- An attenuated Lassa vaccine in SIV-infected rhesus macaques does not persist or cause arenavirus disease but does elicit Lassa virus-specific immunity.Virology journal · 2013Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Smallpox has played an unparalleled role in human history and remains a significant potential threat to public health. Despite the historical significance of this disease, we know little about the underlying pathophysiology or the virulence mechanisms of the causative agent, variola virus. To improve our understanding of variola pathogenesis and variola-host interactions, we examined the molecular and cellular features of hemorrhagic smallpox in cynomolgus macaques. We used cDNA microarrays to analyze host gene expression patterns in sequential blood samples from each of 22 infected animals. Variola infection elicited striking and temporally coordinated patterns of gene expression in peripheral blood. Of particular interest were features that appear to represent an IFN response, cell proliferation, immunoglobulin gene expression, viral dose-dependent gene expression patterns, and viral modulation of the host immune response. The virtual absence of a tumor necrosis factor alpha/NF-kappaB-activated transcriptional program in the face of an overwhelming systemic infection suggests that variola gene products may ablate this response. These results provide a detailed picture of the host transcriptional response during smallpox infection, and may help guide the development of diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.