ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
Bacteriolytic therapy can generate a potent immune response against experimental tumors.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 132 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase I Safety Study of Clostridium Novyi-NT Spores in Patients With Treatment-Refractory Solid Tumor Malignancies
Phase I-II Study of Intratumoral Urelumab Combined With Nivolumab in Patients With Solid Tumors
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 294 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synthetic biology of oncolytic bacteria: Comparative microbial chassis and precise killing strategies.Toxicology reports · 2026Review
- Peripheral blood CXCL1 serves as a non-invasive dynamic biomarker for intratumoral colonization of attenuated Salmonella.Biomarker research · 2026Article
- From tumor targeting to tumor accessibility: surface-engineered bacteria as precision living therapeutics for translational medicine.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Perspective on Lessons Not Learned: From Coley's Toxins to Microbial Drug Delivery, Guidance for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- What Does Bacteria Have to Do with Cancer? The Influence of the Body's Microbiota on Cancer in Cats and Dogs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A live biohybrid bacterial therapy based on engineered Serratia marcescens.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of bacteria-mediated cancer immunotherapy: from intratumoral microbiota to engineered therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in the engineering of living probiotics for cancer immunotherapy.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Bacteria-based immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment reprogramming: a promising dawn in cancer therapy.Microbial cell factories · 2025Review
- Bacteria-Based Roles in Solid Tumors: Potential for Prevention and Treatment.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cellular mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental effects of bacterial antitumor immunotherapy.Immunity · 2025Article
- Review
- Combination of Irreversible Electroporation andCancers · 2025Review
- Designing live bacterial therapeutics for cancer.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Microbiota mechanisms in cancer progression and therapy.Cell chemical biology · 2025Review
- Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy.Open life sciences · 2025Review
- Nanomaterials for Combating Cancer while Safeguarding Organs: Safe and Effective Integrative Tumor Therapy.Biomaterials research · 2025Review
- Engineered probiotic-mediated intratumoral delivery and controlled release of bacterial collagenase for cancer therapy.Synthetic and systems biotechnology · 2025Article
- Harnessing Bacterial Agents to Modulate the Tumor Microenvironment and Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancers · 2024Review
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
When spores of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium novyi-NT are systemically injected into animals, they germinate exclusively within the hypoxic regions of cancers. The germinated bacteria destroy adjacent tumor cells but spare a rim of well oxygenated tumor cells that subsequently expand. Surprisingly, we found that approximately 30% of mice treated with such spores were cured of their cancers despite the viable tumor rim initially remaining after spore germination. The mechanism underlying this effect was shown to be immune-mediated, because cured animals rejected a subsequent challenge of the same tumor. Similar effects were observed in rabbits with intrahepatic tumors. It was particularly notable that the induced immune response, when combined with the bacteriolytic effects of C. novyi-NT, could eradicate large established tumors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.