ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2004
Effects of pirenzepine on pupil size and accommodation in rhesus monkeys.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Topical review: Potential mechanisms of atropine for myopia control.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2025Review
- Pseudomyopia and cycloplegic changes in young cynomolgus macaques.Molecular vision · 2025Article
- Retardation of myopia by atropine regimes.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Review
- A Spontaneous Nonhuman Primate Model of Myopic Foveoschisis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Current concepts in the management of childhood myopia.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2022Review
- Epiregulin, epigen and betacellulin antibodies and axial elongation in young guinea pigs with lens-induced myopization.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Article
- IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Review
- Update in myopia and treatment strategy of atropine use in myopia control.Eye (London, England) · 2019Review
- α-adrenergic agonist brimonidine control of experimentally induced myopia in guinea pigs: A pilot study.Molecular vision · 2017Article
- Training regimen involving cyclic induction of pupil constriction during far accommodation improves visual acuity in myopic children.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2010Article
- Autonomic drugs and the accommodative system in rhesus monkeys.Experimental eye research · 2010Article
- Glucagon-related peptides in the mouse retina and the effects of deprivation of form vision.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2007Article
- Effects of pharmacologically manipulated amplitude and starting point on edinger-westphal-stimulated accommodative dynamics in rhesus monkeys.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2007Article
- Dynamics of accommodative fatigue in rhesus monkeys and humans.Vision research · 2005Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposePirenzepine is suggested to be a relatively selective muscarinic (M(1)) antagonist and is currently under investigation for the treatment of myopia. Atropine, a nonselective M-type antagonist, is used in the treatment of myopia, but has undesired ocular and systemic side effects. An M(1)-specific antagonist may decrease side effects and remain effective at reducing the progression of myopia. In the current study, the effects of pirenzepine on pupil diameter, resting refraction, and accommodation were studied in rhesus monkeys.
methodsThe time course and extent of mydriasis from subconjunctival injection of 2% pirenzepine were determined in five normal rhesus monkeys, and the effects on static and dynamic accommodation were determined in four rhesus monkeys with permanent indwelling electrodes in the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus of the midbrain. Subconjunctival injections of 0.0002% to 0.2% pirenzepine in log unit dilutions were tested in three monkeys to determine the effects on static EW-stimulated accommodation. At 40 to 50 minutes after pirenzepine injection, accommodation was stimulated pharmacologically in both eyes, and the response was measured for 30 minutes.
resultsAfter 2% pirenzepine injection, pupil size increased 2.02 +/- 0.41 mm, there was a hyperopic shift in resting refraction of 1.07 +/- 0.23 D, and nearly complete cycloplegia occurred. Maximum EW-stimulated accommodation was significantly decreased 20 to 40 minutes after 0.02% or greater pirenzepine. Carbachol-stimulated accommodation was significantly decreased after 0.2% or greater pirenzepine.
conclusionsSubconjunctival injections of 0.02% or greater pirenzepine result in a significant decrease in accommodation and are probably acting through nonselective muscarinic antagonism. Subconjunctival injections of 0.002% or less pirenzepine do not decrease EW-stimulated accommodation.
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