ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2004
Azole resistance in Candida glabrata: coordinate upregulation of multidrug transporters and evidence for a Pdr1-like transcription factor.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 155 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
155 citing papers in PubMed, 279 citations in OpenAlex.
- Candida glabrata YPK2 is a multidrug susceptibility locus.Genetics · 2026Article
- Antifungal resistance: from classical mechanisms to the expanding role of acetyltransferases.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Adaptive Evolution Identifies MHY1-Mediated Transcriptional Reprogramming for Polyphenol Tolerance in Yarrowia lipolytica.Biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Integrated Genomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal Convergent Resistance Patterns in Clinical Candida tropicalis Isolates.Mycoses · 2026Article
- The azole-resistance phenotype of aMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Yeast as a Model for Human Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- CanDRes: Exploring the Mutation Landscape of Candida and its Role in Antifungal Resistance.Infection · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Leveraging synthetic genetic array screening to identify therapeutic targets and inhibitors for combatting azole resistance inMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Role and mechanism of hexyl-aminolevulinate ethosome-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reversing fluconazole resistance inJournal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Bixin fromACS omega · 2025Article
- Vaginal mycobiome characteristics and therapeutic strategies in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): differentiating pathogenic species and microecological features for stratified treatment.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungals inJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Hotspot gene conversion between FKS1 and FKS2 in echinocandin resistant Candida glabrata serial isolates.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
- Antifungal drug resistance in Candida glabrata: role of cellular signaling and gene regulatory networks.FEMS yeast research · 2025Review
- New antifungal strategies and drug development against WHO critical priority fungal pathogens.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Dual inhibition of ERG11 and CDR2 in drug-resistantFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Similarities and distinctions in the activation of themSphere · 2024Article
95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Candida glabrata has emerged as a common cause of fungal infection. This yeast has intrinsically low susceptibility to azole antifungals such as fluconazole, and mutation to frank azole resistance during treatment has been documented. Potential resistance mechanisms include changes in expression or sequence of ERG11 encoding the azole target. Alternatively, resistance could result from upregulated expression of multidrug transporter genes; in C. glabrata these include CDR1 and PDH1. By RNA hybridization, 10 of 12 azole-resistant clinical isolates showed 6- to 15-fold upregulation of CDR1 compared to susceptible strains. In 4 of these 10 isolates PDH1 was similarly upregulated, and in the remainder it was upregulated three- to fivefold, while ERG11 expression was minimally changed. Laboratory mutants were selected on fluconazole-containing medium with glycerol as carbon source (to eliminate mitochondrial mutants). Similar to the clinical isolates, six of seven laboratory mutants showed unchanged ERG11 expression but coordinate CDR1-PDH1 upregulation ranging from 2- to 20-fold. Effects of antifungal treatment on gene expression in susceptible C. glabrata strains were also studied: azole exposure induced CDR1-PDH1 expression 4- to 12-fold. These findings suggest that these transporter genes are regulated by a common mechanism. In support of this, a mutation associated with laboratory resistance was identified in the C. glabrata homolog of PDR1 which encodes a regulator of multidrug transporter genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutation falls within a putative activation domain and was associated with PDR1 autoupregulation. Additional regulatory factors remain to be identified, as indicated by the lack of PDR1 mutation in a clinical isolate with coordinately upregulated CDR1-PDH1.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.