ArticleThe Plant cell2004
Molecular phenotyping of the pal1 and pal2 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana reveals far-reaching consequences on phenylpropanoid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Article in The Plant cell, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 184 papers.
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184 citing papers in PubMed, 444 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Loss-of-function mutation of two phenylpropanoid pathway genes PAL1 and PAL2, coupled with MYB46 upregulation, increases fermentable sugar yield and ethanol production.Journal of biological engineering · 2025Article
- Alterations in carbon and nitrogen metabolism under phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibition in winter triticale seedlings.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Mechanisms Involved in Cell Wall Remodeling in Etiolated Rice Shoots Grown Under Osmotic Stress.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Genome-wide identification and functional roles relating to anthocyanin biosynthesis analysis in maize.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Strategies utilized by plants to defend againstFrontiers in plant science · 2025Review
- Identification and expression analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- RNA-Seq Transcriptomics and iTRAQ Proteomics Analysis Reveal the Dwarfing Mechanism of Blue Fescue (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Foliar application of esculin and digitoxin improve the yield quality of salt-stressed flax by improving the antioxidant defense system.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of CsPALs in Cucumber (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Genes to specialized metabolites: accumulation of scopoletin, umbelliferone and their glycosides in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- Identification of tomato F-box proteins functioning in phenylpropanoid metabolism.Plant molecular biology · 2024Article
- Transcriptome Profiles RevealsPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The first enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, Phe ammonia-lyase (PAL), is encoded by four genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whereas PAL function is well established in various plants, an insight into the functional significance of individual gene family members is lacking. We show that in the absence of clear phenotypic alterations in the Arabidopsis pal1 and pal2 single mutants and with limited phenotypic alterations in the pal1 pal2 double mutant, significant modifications occur in the transcriptome and metabolome of the pal mutants. The disruption of PAL led to transcriptomic adaptation of components of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, revealing complex interactions at the level of gene expression between these pathways. Corresponding biochemical changes included a decrease in the three major flavonol glycosides, glycosylated vanillic acid, scopolin, and two novel feruloyl malates coupled to coniferyl alcohol. Moreover, Phe overaccumulated in the double mutant, and the levels of many other amino acids were significantly imbalanced. The lignin content was significantly reduced, and the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio of lignin monomers had increased. Together, from the molecular phenotype, common and specific functions of PAL1 and PAL2 are delineated, and PAL1 is qualified as being more important for the generation of phenylpropanoids.
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