ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 203 citations in OpenAlex.
- Selection and Prioritization of Candidate Drug Targets for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Through a Meta-Analysis Approach.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2017Pooled it
- Rethinking MS Therapeutics: From Disease Pathogenesis Mechanisms to AI-Driven Drug Discovery.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
- Anaphylaxis and glatiramer acetate.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2025Article
- Seeking Precise Protein-like Functions from Random Heteropolymer Ensemble and through Dimensionality Reduction.ACS central science · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis: molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance in a Multiple Sclerosis Model without Broad Immunosuppression.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Neurotrophic factors in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immunological microenvironment and targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis: new insights in crosstalk between immune niches and CNS.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The relevance of BDNF for neuroprotection and neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Assessing the In Vitro Potential of Glatiramer Acetate (CopaxoneJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Arginine vasopressin hormone receptor antagonists in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis rodent models: A new approach for human multiple sclerosis treatment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Innate immune biology in age-related macular degeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Blood-brain barrier: emerging trends on transport models and new-age strategies for therapeutics intervention against neurological disorders.Molecular brain · 2022Review
- How to choose initial treatment in multiple sclerosis patients: a case-based approach.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2022Article
- Rett Syndrome andNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2022Review
- The expression of diacylglycerol kinase isoforms α and ζ correlates with the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2021Article
- Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2020Review
- Dimethyl itaconate, an itaconate derivative, exhibits immunomodulatory effects on neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2020Article
- Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis Activate Natural Killer Cells: Do They Protect Against COVID-19 Infection?Infection and drug resistance · 2020Review
- Fingolimod Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level Secretion from Circulating T Cells of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.CNS drugs · 2019Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone, Copolymer 1) is an approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and is highly effective in the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in various species. The mode of action of GA is by initial strong promiscuous binding to MHC molecules and consequent competition with various myelin antigens for their presentation to T cells. A further aspect of its action is potent induction of specific suppressor cells of the T helper 2 (Th2) type that migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression. Furthermore, the GA-specific cells in the brain express the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta, in addition to brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whereas they do not express IFN-gamma. Based on this immunomodulatory mode of action, we explored the potential of GA for two other applications: prevention of graft rejection and amelioration of inflammatory bowel diseases. GA was effective in amelioration of graft rejection in two systems by prolongation of skin graft survival and inhibition of functional deterioration of thyroid grafts, across minor and major histocompatibility barriers. In all transplantation systems GA treatment inhibited the detrimental secretion of Th1 inflammatory cytokines and induced beneficial Th2/3 antiinflammatory response. GA was effective also in combination with low-dose immunosuppressive drugs. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by detrimental imbalanced proinflammatory immune reactivity in the gut. GA significantly suppressed the various manifestations of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, including mortality, weight loss, and macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage. GA suppressed local lymphocyte proliferations and tumor necrosis factor alpha detrimental secretion but induced transforming growth factor beta, thus confirming the involvement of Th1 to Th2 shift in GA mode of action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.