ReviewAnnals of the rheumatic diseases2004
Antiphospholipid syndrome associated with infections: clinical and microbiological characteristics of 100 patients.
Review in Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 199 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Article
- Characterization of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Lyme Borreliosis Using In-House Developed ELISAs.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Severe COVID-19: Frequency, Clinical Features, and 12-Week Follow-Up.Cureus · 2026Article
- Review
- The New Occurrence of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Severe COVID-19 Cases with Pneumonia and Vascular Thrombosis Could Explain the Post-COVID Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Pulmonary thromboembolism due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: a case report and literature review.BMC pediatrics · 2024Review
- Audiovestibular Dysfunction Related to Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Diagnosis and Management of Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome and the Potential Impact of the 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Longitudinal Analysis of Antiphospholipid Antibody Dynamics after Infection with SARS-CoV-2 or Vaccination with BNT162b2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- [Low molecular weight heparin combined with aspirin to prevent perioperative venous thromboembolism in patients with splenic rupture and lower extremity fracture].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2022Article
- Anti-phospholipid antibodies are elevated and functionally active in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2022Article
- Risk of Thrombosis, Pregnancy Morbidity or Death in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Prevalence and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to intensive care units: a prospective observational study.Rheumatology international · 2021Observational
- Dorsolateral medullary infarction during skin infection by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a patient with triple antiphospholipid antibody positivity: a case-based review.Clinical rheumatology · 2021Review
- Antiphospholipid antibodies levels and potential effects on in-vitro fertilization in a large cohort of infertile Syrian women.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2021Article
- Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome in a child with human immunodeficiency virus: a rare case report.Thrombosis journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo describe and analyse the clinical characteristics of 100 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) associated with infections.
methodsPatients were identified by a computer assisted search (Medline) of published reports to locate all cases of APS published in English, Spanish, and French from 1983 to 2003. The bilateral Fisher exact test was used for statistics.
results59 female and 41 male patients were identified (mean (SD) age, 32 (18) years (range 1 to 78)): 68 had primary APS, 27 had systemic lupus erythematosus, two had "lupus-like" syndrome, two had inflammatory bowel disease, and one had rheumatoid arthritis. APS presented as a catastrophic syndrome in 40% of cases. The main clinical manifestations of APS included: pulmonary involvement (39%), skin involvement (36%), and renal involvement (35%; nine with renal thrombotic microangiopathy, RTMA). The main associated infections and agents included skin infection (18%), HIV (17%), pneumonia (14%), hepatitis C (13%), and urinary tract infection (10%). Anticoagulation was used in 74%, steroids in 53%, intravenous immunoglobulins in 20%, cyclophosphamide in 12%, plasma exchange in 12%, and dialysis in 9.6%. Twenty three patients died following infections and thrombotic episodes (16 with catastrophic APS). Patients given steroids had a better prognosis (p = 0.024). The presence of RTMA and requirement for dialysis carried a worse prognosis (p = 0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively).
conclusionsVarious different infections can be associated with thrombotic events in patients with APS, including the potentially lethal subset termed catastrophic APS. Aggressive treatment with anticoagulation, steroids, and appropriate antibiotic cover is necessary to improve the prognosis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.