ArticleMolecular and cellular biology2004
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhancer activation requires cooperation between NFAT and AP-1 elements and is associated with extensive nucleosome reorganization.
Article in Molecular and cellular biology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- Resident memory T cell development is gradual and shows AP-1 gene expression in mature cells.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Sage extract and ascorbic acid derivative inhibit melanogenesis via downregulating keratinocyte-derived GM-CSF.PloS one · 2025Article
- T-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels: Potential Regulators of Smooth Muscle Contractility.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Regulation of developmentally controlled enhancer activity by extrinsic signals in normal and malignant cells: AP-1 at the centre.Frontiers in epigenetics and epigenomics · 2024Article
- Article
- Role of GM-CSF in lung balance and disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Epigenetic regulation of natural killer cell memory.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Article
- GM-CSF: Orchestrating the Pulmonary Response to Infection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- GM-CSF Programs Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells DuringFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- IL-2/IL-7-inducible factors pioneer the path to T cell differentiation in advance of lineage-defining factors.The EMBO journal · 2020Article
- Review
- Chromatin Priming Renders T Cell Tolerance-Associated Genes Sensitive to Activation below the Signaling Threshold for Immune Response Genes.Cell reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Sca-1European journal of immunology · 2018Article
- Integration of Kinase and Calcium Signaling at the Level of Chromatin Underlies Inducible Gene Activation in T Cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- Priming of transcriptional memory responses via the chromatin accessibility landscape in T cells.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- T Cell Receptor and Cytokine Signaling Can Function at Different Stages to Establish and Maintain Transcriptional Memory and Enable T Helper Cell Differentiation.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Receptor Signaling Directs Global Recruitment of Pre-existing Transcription Factors to Inducible Elements.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2016Review
- Dynamic recruitment of Ets1 to both nucleosome-occupied and -depleted enhancer regions mediates a transcriptional program switch during early T-cell differentiation.Nucleic acids research · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene is activated by an NFAT-dependent enhancer forming an inducible DNase I hypersensitive (DH) site. The enhancer core comprising the DH site contains the GM330 and GM420 elements that bind NFAT and AP-1 cooperatively. Here we demonstrate that both elements are essential for enhancer activity and that Sp1 and AML1 sites in the enhancer become occupied in vivo only after activation. Chromatin structure analysis revealed that the GM-CSF enhancer core elements are divided between two adjacent nucleosomes that become destabilized and highly accessible after activation. Inducible chromatin reorganization was not restricted to the enhancer core but extended across a 3-kb domain of mobilized nucleosomes, within which the nucleosome repeat length was compressed from approximately 185 to 150 bp. The GM420 element is a high-affinity site that binds NFAT independently of AP-1 but depends on the linked AP-1 site for enhancer function. Nevertheless, just the NFAT motif from the GM420 element was sufficient to form a DH site within chromatin even in the absence of the AP-1 site. Hence, NFAT has the potential to cooperate with other transcription factors by promoting chromatin remodelling and increasing accessibility at inducible regulatory elements.
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