ArticleBiophysical journal2004
Electroosmosis in transdermal iontophoresis: implications for noninvasive and calibration-free glucose monitoring.
Article in Biophysical journal, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Iontophoresis-assisted transdermal drug delivery for the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses: A review.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Effect of Urea on Drug Extraction Efficiency in Reverse Iontophoresis.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Bridging Blood and Skin: Biomarker Profiling in Dermal Interstitial Fluid (dISF) for Minimally Invasive Diagnostics.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Transcutaneous Delivery of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Via Microneedle-Assisted Iontophoretic Enhancement - A Potential Therapeutic Option for Inflammatory Disorders.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Article
- Advancements in Skin-Mediated Drug Delivery: Mechanisms, Techniques, and Applications.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Review
- Design and fabrication of customizable microneedles enabled by 3D printing for biomedical applications.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Reverse Iontophoresis: Noninvasive Assessment of Topical Drug Bioavailability.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Improved Transdermal Delivery of Rabies Vaccine using Iontophoresis Coupled Microneedle Approach.Pharmaceutical research · 2023Article
- Evaluating the Clinical Accuracy of a Non-invasive Single-Fasting-Calibration Glucometer in Patients with Diabetes: A Multicentre Study.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- Advances in dermatological application of GelMA hydrogel microneedles.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2023Review
- Where Microneedle Meets Biomarkers: Futuristic Application for Diagnosing and Monitoring Localized External Organ Diseases.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Review
- Glucose emission spectra through mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging of the wrist for non-invasive glucose sensing.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Point-of-care and self-testing for potassium: recent advances.Sensors & diagnostics · 2022Review
- Iontophoresis of Biological Macromolecular Drugs.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch.Science translational medicine · 2020Article
- A review of microsampling techniques and their social impact.Biomedical microdevices · 2019Review
- Non-invasive, transdermal, path-selective and specific glucose monitoring via a graphene-based platform.Nature nanotechnology · 2018Article
- Human Suction Blister Fluid Composition Determined Using High-Resolution Metabolomics.Analytical chemistry · 2018Article
- Getting Drugs Across Biological Barriers.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2017Review
- Perspectives on Transdermal Electroporation.Pharmaceutics · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Reverse iontophoresis uses a small low electric current to noninvasively extract blood analytes, e.g., glucose, across the skin. The simultaneous quantification of the analyte extracted and of an additional endogenous substance of fixed and known concentration in the body permits the blood level of interest to be found without the need for an invasive calibration procedure. The transport phenomena underlying this approach, applied to glucose monitoring, has been investigated in vitro, using Na+ and neutral model solutes as endogenous "internal standards" (specifically, urea, glycerol, mannitol, and sucrose). The cathodal extracted fluxes of glucose under conditions of modified skin permselectivity were related to those of the different, potential internal standards. Flux ratios depended upon the iontophoretic conditions and the size of the neutral internal standards, whereas high variability was observed with Na+. Constant flux ratios were obtained with mannitol, glycerol, urea, and sucrose for which the mechanism of electrotransport was identical to that of glucose. The advantage of using a neutral internal standard, however, must be weighed against the need to identify and validate the marker under physiological conditions and the additional analytical chemistry necessary for the practical quantification of this substance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.