ArticleJournal of virology2004
Coxsackievirus B4 infection of human fetal thymus cells.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- History of the Thymus: From a Vestigial Organ to the Programming of Immunological Self-Tolerance.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Thymus, undernutrition, and infection: Approaching cellular and molecular interactions.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Viral infection in thymoma and thymic tumors with autoimmune diseases.Thoracic cancer · 2021Review
- Coxsackievirus B4 Transplacental Infection Severely Disturbs Central Tolerogenic Mechanisms in the Fetal Thymus.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Effect of Coxsackievirus B4 Infection on the Thymus: Elucidating Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Modulation of IGF2 Expression in the Murine Thymus and Thymic Epithelial Cells Following Coxsackievirus-B4 Infection.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Housekeeping Gene Expression in the Fetal and Neonatal Murine Thymus Following Coxsackievirus B4 Infection.Genes · 2020Article
- Assessment of Thymic Output Dynamics AfterFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- In-utero coxsackievirus B4 infection of the mouse thymus.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2017Article
- How Does Thymus Infection by Coxsackievirus Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?Frontiers in immunology · 2015Review
- Role of viruses and bacteria-virus interactions in autoimmunity.Current opinion in immunology · 2014Review
- Genetic-epigenetic dysregulation of thymic TSH receptor gene expression triggers thyroid autoimmunity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Article
- Type I diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection.Journal of pathogens · 2014Review
- Programming of neuroendocrine self in the thymus and its defect in the development of neuroendocrine autoimmunity.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2013Review
- Viral infections and molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2012Review
- Persistent infection of thymic epithelial cells with coxsackievirus B4 results in decreased expression of type 2 insulin-like growth factor.Journal of virology · 2012Article
- Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: enterovirus, thymus and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2012Review
- Article
- Thymic self-antigen expression for the design of a negative/tolerogenic self-vaccine against type 1 diabetes.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2011Article
- Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2010Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The infection of human fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) with coxsackievirus B4 E2 (CVB4 E2) was investigated. Both positive- and negative-strand viral RNA were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) in CVB4 E2-infected FTOC, which supported high yields of virus production (approximately 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml), and in flow-sorted thymocyte populations for 7 days after inoculation. Cortical CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes were found to be the principal targets of infection. Inoculation of human FTOC with CVB4 E2 led to a marked and progressive depletion of immature thymocytes (CD4+ CD8+ cells) with no enhancement of Annexin V-positive cells. CVB4 E2 replication caused significant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I upregulation on these cells. MHC class I upregulation was correlated with positive- and negative-strand RNA quantitative detection and the release of infectious particles. In addition, chloroquine treatment of FTOC and single-thymocyte suspensions suggested that MHC class I upregulation on thymocytes was the result of direct infection rather than caused by production of soluble factors such as alpha interferon. Thus, CVB4 E2 can infect human fetal thymocytes, which subsequently results in quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of these cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.