ArticleInfection and immunity2004
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide contains multiple lipid A species that functionally interact with both toll-like receptors 2 and 4.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 237 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
237 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 498 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Serum antibody levels against Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical oral investigations · 2017Pooled it
- The role of TLR4 896 A>G and 1196 C>T in susceptibility to infections: a review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- IL-36γ is a pivotal inflammatory player in periodontitis-associated bone loss.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- LPS-induced inflammatory response after therapy of aggressive periodontitis.Journal of dental research · 2013Trial
- Mitochondrial reprogramming of alveolar macrophages by umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells restores immune homeostasis inMaterials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Inflammation-Regeneration Axis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Wnt/NF-κB Crosstalk.International endodontic journal · 2026Review
- Article
- Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Enhances Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Osteoclastogenic Responses in the Absence of Exogenous RANKL: Implications for Inflammatory Osteoclastogenesis in Periodontitis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Direct Maxillary Sinus Tissue Analysis forJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The Role of Oral Pathobionts' Outer Membrane Vesicles in Cancer Pathology and Therapeutic Development.Cells · 2026Review
- Deciphering macrophage molecular responses toFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Relationship between oral microbiota and chronic kidney disease: facts and perspectives.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
- Beyond receptor activation: biased toll-like receptor signaling in periodontal inflammation and regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Inactivated Bacillus subtilis R0179 Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis-Induced Gingival Inflammation Via TLR2/NF-κB Signaling in a Murine Model of Periodontitis.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Microbial Coaggregation in the Oral Cavity: Molecular Interactions and Current Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Functional evaluation of extracts from mixed natural plants (MENP) for oral health: anti-inflammatory and alveolar bone protective effects in periodontitis model rats.Food science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Metabolic regulation and oxidative stress attenuation in LPS-stimulated macrophages by flavonoids.Odontology · 2025Article
- Effects ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
177 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The innate host response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis is unusual in that different studies have reported that it can be an agonist for Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as well as an antagonist or agonist for TLR4. In this report it is shown that P. gingivalis LPS is highly heterogeneous, containing more lipid A species than previously described. In addition, purification of LPS can preferentially fractionate these lipid A species. It is shown that an LPS preparation enriched for lipid A species at m/z 1,435 and 1,450 activates human and mouse TLR2, TLR2 plus TLR1, and TLR4 in transiently transfected HEK 293 cells coexpressing membrane-associated CD14. The HEK cell experiments further demonstrated that cofactor MD-2 was required for functional engagement of TLR4 but not of TLR2 nor TLR2 plus TLR1. In addition, serum-soluble CD14 effectively transferred P. gingivalis LPS to TLR2 plus TLR1, but poorly to TLR4. Importantly, bone marrow cells obtained from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice also responded to P. gingivalis LPS in a manor consistent with the HEK results, demonstrating that P. gingivalis LPS can utilize both TLR2 and TLR4. No response was observed from bone marrow cells obtained from TLR2 and TLR4 double-knockout mice, demonstrating that P. gingivalis LPS activation occurred exclusively through either TLR2 or TLR4. Although the biological significance of the different lipid A species found in P. gingivalis LPS preparations is not currently understood, it is proposed that the presence of multiple lipid A species contributes to cell activation through both TLR2 and TLR4.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.