ArticleSexually transmitted infections2004
Spatial analysis and mapping of sexually transmitted diseases to optimise intervention and prevention strategies.
Article in Sexually transmitted infections, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- How place shapes genital herpes simplex distribution in South Korea: a Bayesian spatial analysis using National Health Insurance Service data.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Multivariate Poisson cokriging: A geostatistical model for health count data.Statistical methods in medical research · 2024Article
- A Bayesian maximum entropy model for predicting tsetse ecological distributions.International journal of health geographics · 2023Article
- Progression of a large syphilis outbreak in rural North Carolina through space and time: Application of a Bayesian Maximum Entropy graphical user interface.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Quantifying geographic heterogeneity in TB incidence and the potential impact of geographically targeted interventions in South and North City Corporations of Dhaka, Bangladesh: a model-based study.Epidemiology and infection · 2021Article
- The burden of pre-extensively and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among MDR-TB patients in the Amhara region, Ethiopia.PloS one · 2020Article
- Trends in the Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Disease, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Gonorrhea, and Syphilis, in the 31 Provinces of Mainland China.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2019Article
- Article
- Associations between county-level voter turnout, county-level felony voter disenfranchisement, and sexually transmitted infections among women in the Southern United States.Annals of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Measuring and Visualizing Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Inequality: An Informatics Approach Using Geographical Information Systems.Online journal of public health informatics · 2019Article
- One-step estimation of networked population size: Respondent-driven capture-recapture with anonymity.PloS one · 2018Article
- Neighborhood Health Care Access and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Women in the Southern United States: A Cross-Sectional Multilevel Analysis.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2018Article
- Relationships between neighbourhood characteristics and current STI status among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women living in the Southern USA: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis.Sexually transmitted infections · 2017Article
- [Spatial analysis of syphilis and gonorrhea infections in a Public Health Service in Madrid].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2017Article
- Assessing Spatial Relationships Between Rates of Crime and Rates of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Chicago, 2012.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2017Article
- Article
- Confidentiality considerations for use of social-spatial data on the social determinants of health: Sexual and reproductive health case study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2016Article
- Influence of Detection Method and Study Area Scale on Syphilis Cluster Identification in North Carolina.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2016Article
- Spatial distribution and cluster analysis of retail drug shop characteristics and antimalarial behaviors as reported by private medicine retailers in western Kenya: informing future interventions.International journal of health geographics · 2016Article
- Assessment: A Core Function for Implementing Effective Interventions in Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Programs.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe analysed and mapped the distribution of four reportable sexually transmitted diseases, chlamydial infection/non-gonococcal urethritis (chlamydial infection), gonorrhoea, primary and secondary syphilis (syphilis), and HIV infection, for Wake County, North Carolina, to optimise an intervention.
methodsWe used STD surveillance data reported to Wake County, for the year 2000 to analyse and map STD rates. STD rates were mathematically represented as a spatial random field. We analysed spatial variability by calculating and modelling covariance functions of random field theory. Covariances are useful in assessing spatial patterns of disease locally and at a distance. We combined observed STD rates and appropriate covariance models using a geostatistical method called kriging, to predict STD rates and associated prediction errors for a grid covering Wake County. Final disease estimates were interpolated using a spline with tension and mapped to generate a continuous surface of infection.
resultsLower incidence STDs exhibited larger spatial variability and smaller neighbourhoods of influence than higher incidence STDs. Each reported STD had a clustered spatial distribution with one primary core area of infection. Core areas overlapped for all four STDs.
conclusionsSpatial heterogeneity within STD suggests that STD specific prevention strategies should not be targeted uniformly across Wake County, but rather to core areas. Overlap of core areas among STDs suggests that intervention and prevention strategies can be combined to target multiple STDs effectively. Geostatistical techniques are objective, population level approaches to spatial analysis and mapping that can be used to visualise disease patterns and identify emerging outbreaks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.