ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2004
Exploring the mechanisms regulating regeneration of deer antlers.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated mRNA and miRNA Analysis Reveals Layer-Specific Mechanisms of Antler Yield Variation in Sika Deer.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Beneficial effects of American ginseng (Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Future medicine: from molecular pathways to the collective intelligence of the body.Trends in molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing of Antler Tissue Reveals That circRNA2829 Regulates Chondrocyte Proliferation and Differentiation via the miR-4286-R+1/FOXO4 Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- MiRNA Profiling and Its Potential Roles in Rapid Growth of Velvet Antler in Gansu Red Deer (Genes · 2023Article
- Article
- Life stage and taxonomy the most important factors determining vertebrate stoichiometry: A meta-analysis.Ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of sika deer antler using PacBio and Illumina sequencing.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Exogenous Melatonin Activating Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Pathway via Melatonin Receptor to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Antler Mesenchymal Stem Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Epimorphic regeneration of the mouse digit tip is finite.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Article
- Melatonin Promotes Antler Growth by Accelerating MT1-Mediated Mesenchymal Cell Differentiation and Inhibiting VEGF-Induced Degeneration of Chondrocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- RNA sequencing-based identification of microRNAs in the antler cartilage of Gansu red deer (PeerJ · 2022Article
- Comparative antler proteome of sika deer from different developmental stages.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Deer antler extract potentially facilitates xiphoid cartilage growth and regeneration and prevents inflammatory susceptibility by regulating multiple functional genes.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2021Article
- Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2021Review
- New physiological insights into the phenomena of deer antler: A unique model for skeletal tissue regeneration.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2021Review
- Investigating the molecular control of deer antler extract on articular cartilage.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2021Article
- Understanding cartilage protection in OA and injury: a spectrum of possibilities.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2020Review
- Comparative transcriptome analysis of the main beam and brow tine of sika deer antler provides insights into the molecular control of rapid antler growth.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of repeated rounds of regeneration; every year they are shed and regrow from a blastema into large branched structures of cartilage and bone that are used for fighting and display. Longitudinal growth is by a process of modified endochondral ossification and in some species this can exceed 2 cm per day, representing the fastest rate of organ growth in the animal kingdom. However, despite their value as a unique model of mammalian regeneration the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We review what is currently known about the local and systemic regulation of antler regeneration and some of the many unsolved questions of antler physiology are discussed. Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone-related peptide and retinoic acid (RA). Both are present in the blastema and in the rapidly growing antler where they regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro. Recent studies have shown that blockade of RA signalling can alter cellular differentiation in the blastema in vivo. The trigger that regulates the expression of these local signals is likely to be changing levels of sex steroids because the process of antler regeneration is linked to the reproductive cycle. The natural assumption has been that the most important hormone is testosterone, however, at a cellular level oestrogen may be a more significant regulator. Our data suggest that exogenous oestrogen acts as a 'brake', inhibiting the proliferation of progenitor cells in the antler tip while stimulating their differentiation, thus inhibiting continued growth. Deciphering the mechanism(s) by which sex steroids regulate cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation in antlers may help to address why regeneration is limited in other mammalian tissues.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.