ArticleAmerican journal of public health2004
Condom use and the risk of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, or infertility following an episode of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Article in American journal of public health, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2015Guideline
- Behavioral interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients in high-income countries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- Prevalence and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections in women in eleven hospitals in two low-income countries: a cross-sectional study.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Impacts of Contraception on Future Fertility: Addressing Concerns to Improve Understanding.Studies in family planning · 2026Article
- Protective effects of ginseng against reproductive injury: mechanisms and research progress.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Global, Regional and National Burden of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Trend Projections and Health Inequality Analysis, 1990-2021.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Inducing factors and complication risks of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Global burden of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy from 1990 to 2019.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Dual method use among long-acting reversible contraceptive users.The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception · 2018Observational
- Comparison of Genital Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Incidence Between Women With Infertility and Healthy Women in Iran Using PCR and Immunofluorescence Methods.Jundishapur journal of microbiology · 2014Article
- Interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2011Article
- Management of Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection: screening and treatment challenges.Infection and drug resistance · 2011Article
- Findings associated with recurrence of bacterial vaginosis among adolescents attending sexually transmitted diseases clinics.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology · 2007Article
- Access denied, science denied.American journal of public health · 2004Review
- HIV/AIDS risk-reduction options as predictor of female sex workers' sexual behaviour.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Among 684 sexually active women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) followed up for a mean of 35 months, we related contraceptive use to self-reported PID recurrence, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Persistent use of condoms during the study reduced the risk of recurrent PID, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Consistent condom use (about 60% of encounters) at baseline also reduced these risks, after adjustment for confounders, by 30% to 60%. Self-reported persistent and consistent condom use was associated with lower rates of PID sequelae.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.