ArticleJournal of virology2004
Human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-5): status, evolution, and reconstruction of an ancient betaretrovirus in the human genome.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retroviral Remnants in the Human Genome: Classification, Integration and Regulation.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2026Review
- The Role of Toll-like Receptors and Viral Infections in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Mutation Rate Variation and Other Challenges in 2-LTR Dating of Primate Endogenous Retrovirus Integrations.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- Review
- Comprehensive characterization of ERV-K (HML-8) in the chimpanzee genome revealed less genomic activity than humans.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Endogenous Retroviruses as Modulators of Innate Immunity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Long-term host-pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression.Virus evolution · 2023Article
- Z-DNA-Containing Long Terminal Repeats of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families Provide Alternative Promoters for Human Functional Genes.Molecules and cells · 2022Review
- Comprehensive identification and characterization of the HERV-K (HML-9) group in the human genome.Retrovirology · 2022Article
- HERV-K(HML7) Integrations in the Human Genome: Comprehensive Characterization and Comparative Analysis in Non-Human Primates.Biology · 2021Article
- Review
- Article
- Comprehensive Characterization of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-K(HML-6) Group: Overview of Structure, Phylogeny, and Contribution to the Human Genome.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Nomenclature for endogenous retrovirus (ERV) loci.Retrovirology · 2018Review
- HERV-W group evolutionary history in non-human primates: characterization of ERV-W orthologs in Catarrhini and related ERV groups in Platyrrhini.BMC evolutionary biology · 2018Article
- Expression of human endogenous retrovirus-K is strongly associated with the basal-like breast cancer phenotype.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Classification and characterization of human endogenous retroviruses; mosaic forms are common.Retrovirology · 2016Article
- The intron-enriched HERV-K(HML-10) family suppresses apoptosis, an indicator of malignant transformation.Mobile DNA · 2016Article
- Pushing the endogenous envelope.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2013Review
- A novel endogenous betaretrovirus group characterized from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).Virology · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human genome harbors numerous distinct families of so-called human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) which are remnants of exogenous retroviruses that entered the germ line millions of years ago. We describe here the hitherto little-characterized betaretrovirus HERV-K(HML-5) family (named HERVK22 in Repbase) in greater detail. Out of 139 proviruses, only a few loci represent full-length proviruses, and many lack gag protease and/or env gene regions. We generated a consensus sequence from multiple alignment of 62 HML-5 loci that displays open reading frames for the four major retroviral proteins. Four HML-5 long terminal repeat (LTR) subfamilies were identified that are associated with monophyletic proviral bodies, implying different evolution of HML-5 LTRs and genes. Sequence analysis indicated that the proviruses formed approximately 55 million years ago. Accordingly, HML-5 proviral sequences were detected in Old World and New World primates but not in prosimians. No recent activity is associated with this HERV family. We also conclude that the HML-5 consensus sequence primer binding site is identical to methionine tRNA. Therefore, the family should be designated HERV-M. Our study provides important insights into the structure and evolution of the oldest betaretrovirus in the primate genome known to date.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.