ArticleNature2004
Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rainforest.
Article in Nature, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 254 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based anthrax prevalence in Africa with a one health narrative synthesis of outbreak surveillance.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Novel polyomaviruses of nonhuman primates: genetic and serological predictors for the existence of multiple unknown polyomaviruses within the human population.PLoS pathogens · 2013Trial
- Outbreaks of human respiratory syncytial virus in wild gorillas highlight the importance of prevention measures and integrated surveillance for risk mitigation.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Anthrax-causing bacteria form biofilms on a soil-inspired porous glass bead model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- TrackingACS omega · 2026Review
- Distribution and prevalence ofJournal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Toxin and capsule production by Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis influence pathogenicity in macrophages and animal models.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Comparing microbiological and molecular diagnostic tools for the surveillance of anthrax.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Investigating Anthrax-Associated Virulence Genes among Archival and ContemporaryPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Anthrax in Humans, Animals, and the Environment and the One Health Strategies for Anthrax Control.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Local genetic adaptation to habitat in wild chimpanzees.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- An ounce of prevention is better : Monitoring wildlife health as a tool for pandemic prevention.EMBO reports · 2024Article
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Analysis of Sporulation inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Retrospective Screening of Anthrax-like Disease Induced byPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- From cereus to anthrax and back again: Assessment of the temperature-dependent phenotypic switching in the "cross-over" strainFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Bodies at play: the role of intercorporeality and bodily affordances in coordinating social play in chimpanzees in the wild.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- PathogenicPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infectious disease has joined habitat loss and hunting as threats to the survival of the remaining wild populations of great apes. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the causative agents. We investigated an unusually high number of sudden deaths observed over nine months in three communities of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast. Here we report combined pathological, cytological and molecular investigations that identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of death for at least six individuals. We show that anthrax can be found in wild non-human primates living in a tropical rainforest, a habitat not previously known to harbour B. anthracis. Anthrax is an acute disease that infects ruminants, but other mammals, including humans, can be infected through contacting or inhaling high doses of spores or by consuming meat from infected animals. Respiratory and gastrointestinal anthrax are characterized by rapid onset, fever, septicaemia and a high fatality rate without early antibiotic treatment. Our results suggest that epidemic diseases represent substantial threats to wild ape populations, and through bushmeat consumption also pose a hazard to human health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.