Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology2004
Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Numerical and experimental methods used to evaluate active drag in swimming: A systematic narrative review.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Young Swimmers' Anthropometrics, Biomechanics, Energetics, and Efficiency as Underlying Performance Factors: A Systematic Narrative Review.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Pooled it
- Effect of low- and high-carbohydrate diets on swimming economy: a crossover study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2020Trial
- Energy cost and body centre of mass' 3D intracycle velocity variation in swimming.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Trial
- Influence of "living high-training low" on aerobic performance and economy of work in elite athletes.European journal of applied physiology · 2006Trial
- The anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of elite water polo players.European journal of applied physiology · 2005Trial
- Impact of assistive tool-based training on anxiety, mental focus, and self-confidence among university swimming students.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Analyzing Breathing Patterns in the Breaststroke Technique Through Dual-Media Kinematics and Fractal Dimension.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Intracycle Velocity Variation in Swimming: A Systematic Scoping Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Individual Determinants as the Causes of Failure in Learning to Swim with the Example of 10-Year-Old Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Gliding performance is affected by cranial movement of abdominal organs.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The energy cost of swimming and its determinants.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Review
- Bayesian approach to quantify morphological impact on performance in international elite freestyle swimming.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2019Article
- Differences in kinematics and energy cost between front crawl and backstroke below the anaerobic threshold.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Article
- Changes in selected parameters of swimming technique in the back crawl and the front crawl in young novice swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2013Article
- Effectiveness of the power dry-land training programmes in youth swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2012Article
- Can 8-weeks of Training Affect Active Drag in Young Swimmers?Journal of sports science & medicine · 2010Article
- Does combined dry land strength and aerobic training inhibit performance of young competitive swimmers?Journal of sports science & medicine · 2010Article
- Comparative analysis of the energy cost during front crawl swimming in children and adults.European journal of applied physiology · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of several explanatory factors: anthropometry, buoyancy, passive underwater torque, drag and swimming technique on the energy cost of swimming front crawl in children and adults. Submaximal V(.)O(2) was measured in ten children (age 12) and 13 adults (age 21), as well as body length (BL), body mass, arm length, propelling size, active drag, hydrostatic lift, passive torque, intracyclic velocity fluctuation, hand slip, stroke length and body angle. The results show that body length ( r=0.74), body mass ( r=0.86) propelling size ( r=0.61), arm length ( r=0.66), distance between the center of mass and the center of volume (Delta d, r=0.74) and body angle during swimming ( r=-0.56) all showed significant linear relationships with the cost of swimming at 1.0 m x s(-1) (CS(1.0)). When normalizing the cost of swimming to body size (CS(1.0) x BL(-1)) there were no differences between the two groups. The conclusions of this study are that the combination of BL, body mass, active drag factor, passive torque, drag efficiency and hydrostatic lift were able to explain 97% of the variation in the cost of swimming for the whole group of swimmers. The size-independent factors of torque and floating abilities (density and Delta d in % of BL), together with swimming technique and active drag were found to explain 75% of the variations in CS(1.0) x BL(-1). The identical values for CS(1.0) x BL(-1) for children and adults are explained through the opposing effects of a better swimming technique in the adults, and a better passive torque in the children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.