ReviewThe Milbank quarterly2004
Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 2. U.S. National and regional trends in income inequality and age- and cause-specific mortality.
Review in The Milbank quarterly, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of Political Economy on Population Health: A Systematic Review of Reviews.American journal of public health · 2019Pooled it
- Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions.Global health action · 2015Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- "Socioeconomic inequalities in health behaviors in children and adolescents: evidence from an Australian cohort".BMC public health · 2025Article
- Cumulative Exposures to Environmental and Socioeconomic Risk Factors in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.GeoHealth · 2024Article
- Income and rural-urban status moderate the association between income inequality and life expectancy in US census tracts.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2023Article
- The Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction Model for Describing and Investigating Inter-cohort Deviations and Intra-cohort Life-course Dynamics.Sociological methods & research · 2022Article
- Article
- Low educational status correlates with a high incidence of mortality among hypertensive subjects from Northeast Rural China.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- From income inequality to social inequity: impact on health levels in an international efficiency comparison panel.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Investigating the causal effect of socioeconomic status on quality of care under a universal health insurance system - a marginal structural model approach.BMC health services research · 2019Article
- Understanding the consequences of education inequality on cardiovascular disease: mendelian randomisation study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2019Observational
- Development of mass media resources to improve the ability of parents of primary school children in Uganda to assess the trustworthiness of claims about the effects of treatments: a human-centred design approach.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2019Article
- Income Inequality and US Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Distinct Associations by Race-Ethnicity.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Article
- Looking through a different lens: Examining the inequality-mortality association in U.S. counties using spatial panel models.Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England) · 2017Article
- Ecological analyses of the associations between injury risk and socioeconomic status, geography and Aboriginal ethnicity in British Columbia, Canada.SpringerPlus · 2016Article
- Exploring the inequality-mortality relationship in the US with Bayesian spatial modeling.Population research and policy review · 2015Article
- Association between low education and higher global cardiovascular risk.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2015Article
- The HANDDS program: a systematic approach for addressing disparities in the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This article describes U.S. income inequality and 100-year national and 30-year regional trends in age- and cause-specific mortality. There is little congruence between national trends in income inequality and age- or cause-specific mortality except perhaps for suicide and homicide. The variable trends in some causes of mortality may be associated regionally with income inequality. However, between 1978 and 2000 those regions experiencing the largest increases in income inequality had the largest declines in mortality (r= 0.81, p < 0.001). Understanding the social determinants of population health requires appreciating how broad indicators of social and economic conditions are related, at different times and places, to the levels and social distribution of major risk factors for particular health outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.