SynthesisJournal of general internal medicine2004
Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of general internal medicine, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 286 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Systematic review of methods used in meta-analyses where a primary outcome is an adverse or unintended event.BMC medical research methodology · 2012Pooled it
- Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent arterial and venous vascular events: a meta-analysis.European heart journal · 2008Pooled it
- Brief report: Coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-analysis.Journal of general internal medicine · 2006Pooled it
- Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent stroke: a meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2005Pooled it
- Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of The North American Menopause Society.Menopause (New York, N.Y.)Guideline
- Effect of hormone therapy on tryptophan metabolism and atherosclerosis among postmenopausal women.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effect of menopausal hormone therapy on methylation levels in early and late postmenopausal women.Clinical epigenetics · 2022Trial
- Effects of Estradiol Dose and Serum Estradiol Levels on Metabolic Measures in Early and Late Postmenopausal Women in the REPLENISH Trial.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2020Trial
- Lung cancer incidence and mortality in relationship to hormone replacement therapy use among women participating in the PLCO trial: a post hoc analysis.International journal of clinical oncology · 2020Trial
- The Effect of Perimenopausal Transdermal Estradiol and Micronized Progesterone on Markers of Risk for Arterial Disease.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Trial
- Differential Effect of Plasma Estradiol on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Early vs Late Postmenopause.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2019Trial
- Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol.The New England journal of medicine · 2016Trial
- Methods and baseline cardiovascular data from the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol testing the menopausal hormone timing hypothesis.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2015Trial
- Health related quality of life after combined hormone replacement therapy: randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2008Trial
- Main morbidities recorded in the women's international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2007Trial
- Report of the FDA's expert panel on hormone therapy.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess mortality associated with hormone replacement in younger and older postmenopausal women.
designA comprehensive search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials of hormone replacement therapy from 1966 to September 2002. The search was augmented by scanning selected journals through April 2003 and references of identified articles. Randomized trials of greater than 6 months' duration were included if they compared hormone replacement with placebo or no treatment, and reported at least 1 death. MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes measured were total deaths and deaths due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other causes. Odds ratios (OR) for total and cause-specific mortality were reported separately for trials with mean age of participants less than and greater than 60 years at baseline. MAIN
resultsPooled data from 30 trials with 26,708 participants showed that the OR for total mortality associated with hormone replacement was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.12). Hormone replacement reduced mortality in the younger age group (OR, 0.61; CI, 0.39 to 0.95), but not in the older age group (OR, 1.03; CI, 0.90 to 1.18). For all ages combined, treatment did not significantly affect the risk for cardiovascular or cancer mortality, but reduced mortality from other causes (OR, 0.67; CI, 0.51 to 0.88).
conclusionsHormone replacement therapy reduced total mortality in trials with mean age of participants under 60 years. No change in mortality was seen in trials with mean age over 60 years.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.