ArticleNeurobiology of disease2004
Innate immune reaction in response to seizures: implications for the neuropathology associated with epilepsy.
Article in Neurobiology of disease, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 208 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting Inflammatory Mediators in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of Its Molecular Basis and Clinical Applications.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of lovastatin on cortical excitability, E/I balance, and antioxidant markers in a case series of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a proof-of-concept study.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Anti-Epileptic Drug Lacosamide on Mammalian Macrophages.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Rapamycin and Minocycline Treatment Does Not Rescue Behavioral and Molecular Changes Induced by Early-Life Seizures in Female Mice.NeuroSci · 2026Article
- Epileptogenesis and Epilepsy Treatment: Advances in Mechanistic Understanding, Therapeutic Approaches, and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Efficacy of 6-nitrobenzo[d]thiazol-2 Amine Derivative (N3) in Mitigating PTZ-Induced Epileptic Conditions Via Modulation of Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Pathways in-vivo Zebrafish.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- The potential anti-seizure effects of Astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers in rat model of status epilepticus.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe.Neuroscience bulletin · 2024Review
- Transient Fever Response After ECT in a Patient with Catatonic Schizophrenia: A Case Report.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Repeated seizures lead to progressive ventilatory dysfunction in SSJournal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Article
- Exploring Astrocyte-Mediated Mechanisms in Sleep Disorders and Comorbidity.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Review
- Unraveling the role of non-coding rare variants in epilepsy.PloS one · 2023Article
- Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease.Pharmacological reviews · 2023Review
- An Overview of The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Epileptogenesis and Its Terapeutic Implications.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2022Article
- Neuroinflammation and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Epileptogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
- Possible Neuropathology of Sleep Disturbance Linking to Alzheimer's Disease: Astrocytic and Microglial Roles.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the present study, the expression of pro-inflammatory transcripts was assessed across the brain of mice having undertaken pilocarpine-induced seizures. Pilocarpine-induced marked neurodegeneration and demyelination in multiple regions of the forebrain. The pattern of genes encoding toll-like receptor type 2 (TLR2) and I kappa B alpha (index of NF-kappa B activation) was associated with the neurodegenerating areas, but this was not the case for the mRNA encoding other inflammatory proteins. Scattered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-expressing cells were found across brain, whereas the signals for monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 and microsomal prostaglandin mPGES E synthase were robust in thalamus and cerebral cortex and weak in the hippocampus and amygdala. TLR2 and TNF-alpha transcripts were expressed mainly in microglia/macrophages. Cyclooxygenase-2 was induced specifically in the hippocampus and piriform cortex. A low increase in interleukin-12 mRNA was detected in the brain, but the signal for interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) remained undetectable. Although pro-inflammatory markers were induced in a different manner across the CNS, their patterns were not characteristic of those caused by other inflammatory challenges, such as endotoxin. These data suggest a different mechanism involved in regulating the innate immune reaction in response to seizures and could have direct implications for the neuropathology associated with epilepsy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.