ReviewBrain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)2004
Cell death mechanisms following traumatic brain injury.
Review in Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 247 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
247 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 549 citations in OpenAlex.
- Poloxamer 188 (P188), A Potential Polymeric Protective Agent for Central Nervous System Disorders: A Systematic Review.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Development of an HInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Research progress on biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Multimodal Neuroimaging After Traumatic Brain Injury.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- The Dynamics of Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Molecular Markers Useful for Establishing the Post-Traumatic Interval in Forensic Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Ferroptosis-Mediated Hippocampal Neuronal Loss Post-mTBI: Chromatin Accessibility Profiling and Single-Nucleus Transcriptomics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Spinal cord diffusion tensor imaging predicts balance in degenerative cervical myelopathy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of ceftriaxone after severe traumatic brain injury in male rats: a behavioral, biochemical, and histological study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Lithium mitigates hippocampal tau pathology in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Clinical insights into catechin-based nanomedicine: a review of therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases.3 Biotech · 2025Review
- A comprehensive literature review on the effects of saffron and its bioactive components on traumatic brain injury (TBI).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- The Potential Role of Psilocybin in Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Temporal characterisation and electrophysiological implications of TBI-induced serine/threonine kinase activity in mouse cortex.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Tufm lactylation regulates neuronal apoptosis by modulating mitophagy in traumatic brain injury.Cell death and differentiation · 2025Article
- Resilience of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats to Secondary Insults After Traumatic Brain Injury: Immediate Seizures, Survival, and Stress Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Parthanatos drives cognitive decline in repeated brain trauma: MSC-derived exosomes as a novel therapeutic strategy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- The Role of Nanotechnology in Understanding the Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury.Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Temperature induces brain-intake shift of recombinant high-density lipoprotein after traumatic brain injury.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Lactobacillus Helveticus Improves Controlled Cortical Impact Injury-Generated Neurological Aberrations by Remodeling of Gut-Brain Axis Mediators.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
187 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neuronal and glial cell death and traumatic axonal injury contribute to the overall pathology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both humans and animals. In both head-injured humans and following experimental brain injury, dying neural cells exhibit either an apoptotic or a necrotic morphology. Apoptotic and necrotic neurons have been identified within contusions in the acute post-traumatic period, and in regions remote from the site of impact in the days and weeks after trauma, while degenerating oligodendrocytes and astrocytes have been observed within injured white matter tracts. We review and compare the regional and temporal patterns of apoptotic and necrotic cell death following TBI and the possible mechanisms underlying trauma-induced cell death. While excitatory amino acids, increases in intracellular calcium and free radicals can all cause cells to undergo apoptosis, in vitro studies have determined that neural cells can undergo apoptosis via many other pathways. It is generally accepted that a shift in the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic protein factors towards the expression of proteins that promote death may be one mechanism underlying apoptotic cell death. The effect of TBI on cellular expression of survival promoting-proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and death-inducing proteins such as Bax, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, tumor-suppressor gene, p53, and the calpain and caspase families of proteases are reviewed. In light of pharmacologic strategies that have been devised to reduce the extent of apoptotic cell death in animal models of TBI, our review also considers whether apoptosis may serve a protective role in the injured brain. Together, these observations suggest that cell death mechanisms may be representative of a continuum between apoptotic and necrotic pathways.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.