ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2004
Low dose Leishmania major promotes a transient T helper cell type 2 response that is down-regulated by interferon gamma-producing CD8+ T cells.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Persistent antigen is essential for sustainingScience advances · 2026Article
- Hypoxia and IL-15 Cooperate to Induce Perforin Expression by CD8 T Cells and Promote Damage to the Skin in Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2025Article
- Review
- An overview of host immune responses against Leishmania spp. infections.Human molecular genetics · 2025Review
- Lack of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Influences on Macrophages Ability to Deal withJID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2025Article
- Improving reproducibility and translational potential of mouse models: lessons from studying leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Memory T cells: promising biomarkers for evaluating protection and vaccine efficacy against leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Autophagy induced macrophages by α-alumina(α-AL2O3) conjugated cysteine peptidase, enhances the cytotoxic activity of CD8BioImpacts : BI · 2023Article
- Evaluation of calpain T-cell epitopes as vaccine candidates against experimental Leishmania major infection: a pilot study.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- CD4 expression in effector T cells depends on DNA demethylation over a developmentally established stimulus-responsive element.Nature communications · 2022Article
- VAMP3 and VAMP8 Regulate the Development and Functionality of Parasitophorous Vacuoles Housing Leishmania amazonensis.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- The Mechanism of CD8Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Granzyme B Inhibition by Tofacitinib Blocks the Pathology Induced by CD8 T Cells in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2021Article
- Immune Responses in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:Journal of arthropod-borne diseases · 2021Article
- Host-Directed Therapies for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Assessment of Incubation Period of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis due toThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Long-Lived Skin-Resident Memory T Cells Contribute to Concomitant Immunity in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2020Review
- Acute IL-4 Governs Pathogenic T Cell Responses duringImmunoHorizons · 2020Article
- Review
- Programmed Cell Death Ligand (PD-L)-1 Contributes to the Regulation of CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
An unresolved issue in the field of T helper (Th) cell development relates to the findings that low doses of antigen promote Th2 cell development in vitro, whereas several classic in vivo studies suggest the opposite. Here we resolve this paradox by studying the early immune response in mice after infection with different doses of Leishmania major. We found that low parasite doses induced a Th2 response in C57BL/6 (B6) mice, whereas high doses induced a Th1 response. However, the Th2 response in low dose-infected mice was transient and the animals healed. The appearance of a Th1 response after low dose infection was dependent upon the concomitant activation of interferon gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. In the absence of CD8+ T cells, the Th2 response was maintained. However, either neutralization of interleukin (IL)-4 or administration of IL-12 promoted a Th1 response after low dose infection of CD8-deficient mice, indicating that the required role for CD8+ T cells was limited to modulation of CD4+ T cell responses. Thus, the discrepant results seen between in vivo and in vitro studies on the effects of antigen dose on Th cell differentiation may depend upon whether CD8+ T cells participate in the immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.