ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology2004
Identification of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by subtype-specific PCR and its use in the characterization of viruses circulating in the southern parts of India.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- An integrated mutation-based immunoinformatic approach incorporating variability in epitopes: a study based on HIV subtype C.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Enhanced Transcriptional Strength of HIV-1 Subtype C Minimizes Gene Expression Noise and Confers Stability to the Viral Latent State.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- The Evolution of Regulatory Elements in the Emerging Promoter-Variant Strains of HIV-1 Subtype C.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Vaginal Epithelium Transiently Harbours HIV-1 Facilitating Transmission.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Immunological markers for identifying recent HIV infection in North-West India.The Indian journal of medical research · 2020Article
- Mapping of Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on the Envelope of Viruses Obtained from Plasma Samples Exhibiting Broad Cross-Clade Neutralization Potential Against HIV-1.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2019Article
- Comparative genetic variability in HIV-1 subtype C p24 Gene in early age groups of infants.Virus genes · 2018Article
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- HIV Clade-C Infection and Cognitive Impairment, Fatigue, Depression, and Quality of Life in Early-Stage Infection in Northern Indians.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care · 2016Article
- Of mice and monkeys: can animal models be utilized to study neurological consequences of pediatric HIV-1 infection?ACS chemical neuroscience · 2015Review
- Insights into human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis B virus co-infection in India.World journal of virology · 2015Review
- Genetic diversity in HIV-1 subtype C LTR from Brazil and Mozambique generates new transcription factor-binding sites.Viruses · 2014Article
- A robust HIV-1 viral load detection assay optimized for Indian sub type C specific strains and resource limiting setting.Biological research · 2014Article
- Inferring viral population structures using heteroduplex mobility and DNA sequence analyses.Journal of virological methods · 2013Article
- Neuropathological correlate of the "concentric target sign" in MRI of HIV-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2013Article
- Usefulness of stereotactic biopsy and neuroimaging in management of HIV-1 Clade C associated focal brain lesions with special focus on cerebral toxoplasmosis.Clinical neurology and neurosurgery · 2013Article
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with HIV Clade C--is not uncommon.Journal of neurovirology · 2013Review
- Multiple NF-κB sites in HIV-1 subtype C long terminal repeat confer superior magnitude of transcription and thereby the enhanced viral predominance.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2012Article
- Near full-length genomic characterization of a HIV type 1 BC recombinant strain from Manipur, India.Virus genes · 2012Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C viruses are associated with nearly half of worldwide HIV-1 infections and are most predominant in India and the southern and eastern parts of Africa. Earlier reports from India identified the preponderance of subtype C and a small proportion of subtype A viruses. Subsequent reports identifying multiple subtypes suggest new introductions and/or their detection due to extended screening. The southern parts of India constitute emerging areas of the epidemic, but it is not known whether HIV-1 infection in these areas is associated with subtype C viruses or is due to the potential new introduction of non-subtype C viruses. Here, we describe the development of a specific and sensitive PCR-based strategy to identify subtype C-viruses (C-PCR). The strategy is based on amplifying a region encompassing a long terminal repeat and gag in the first round, followed by two sets of nested primers; one amplifies multiple subtypes, while the other is specific to subtype C. The common HIV and subtype C-specific fragments are distinguishable by length differences in agarose gels and by the difference in the numbers of NF-kappaB sites encoded in the subtype C-specific fragment. We implemented this method to screen 256 HIV-1-infected individuals from 35 towns and cities in four states in the south and a city in the east. With the exception of single samples of subtypes A and B and a B/C recombinant, we found all to be infected with subtype C viruses, and the subtype assignments were confirmed in a subset by using heteroduplex mobility assays and phylogenetic analysis of sequences. We propose the use of C-PCR to facilitate rapid molecular epidemiologic characterization to aid vaccine and therapeutic strategies.
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