ArticleThorax2004
Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of empyema in children in the north east of England.
Article in Thorax, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00867841 (A Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Method to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Children and Adolescents With Community-Acquired Pneumonia - a Pilot Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 53 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Polymerase Chain Reaction-based Method to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Children and Adolescents With Community-Acquired Pneumonia - a Pilot Study
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Molecular Methods With Culture for Identifying Microbial Etiology in Pediatric Empyema Thoracis: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.Indian pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2011Guideline
- Guideline
- Emerging pneumococcal serotypes in Iraq: scope for improved vaccine development.F1000Research · 2023Review
- The Etiology of Pneumonia From Analysis of Lung Aspirate and Pleural Fluid Samples: Findings From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Emergent Pneumonia in Children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Review
- Trends in Pediatric Complicated Pneumonia in an Ontario Local Health Integration Network.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. The role of conventional and molecular microbiological tests.Respiratory medicine · 2016Observational
- Analysis of Outcome of Intraplueral Streptokinase in Pediatric Empyema Thoracis even in Advanced Stages: A Prospective Study.Iranian journal of pediatrics · 2015Article
- Pneumococcal empyema and complicated pneumonias: global trends in incidence, prevalence, and serotype epidemiology.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2014Review
- Real-time polymerase chain reaction for microbiological diagnosis of parapneumonic effusions in Canadian children.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2014Article
- Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia: current pitfalls and the way forward.Infection & chemotherapy · 2013Review
- An unusual cause of empyema in a teenage boy.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2013Article
- Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that cause parapneumonic empyema in Turkey.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
- Could vitamin d have a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective role in bronchiectasis?Current infectious disease reports · 2013Article
- Increased paediatric hospitalizations for empyema in Australia after introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2013Article
- Surgical management of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion in children.Clujul medical (1957) · 2013Article
- Clinical implications of pneumococcal serotypes: invasive disease potential, clinical presentations, and antibiotic resistance.Journal of Korean medical science · 2013Review
- Prevention of pneumococcal diseases in the post-seven valent vaccine era: a European perspective.BMC infectious diseases · 2012Review
- Rapid detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in pleural fluid samples from pediatric patients with empyema.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe incidence of empyema in children in the UK is increasing. The reason for this is unclear. A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the clinical features, aetiology, and outcome of cases of empyema and parapneumonic effusion presenting to a tertiary paediatric respiratory centre between February 1997 and August 2001.
methodRoutine bacterial culture of blood and pleural fluid was performed for 47 cases. Forty three pleural fluid specimens, culture negative for pneumococcus, were analysed for pneumococccal DNA by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Penicillin susceptibility was determined for DNA positive specimens using complementary PCR assay. Capsular serotype specific antigen detection was by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using monoclonal antibodies to serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F. Clinical data were obtained from patient notes, supplemented by a postal questionnaire.
resultsThe median (range) age of the patients was 5.6 (0.6-16.9) years and 70% were male. The median (range) duration of illness before referral to hospital was 5 (0-25) days. Forty five (96%) had received antibiotics before referral; 32 (68%) required decortication and eight (21%) thoracocentesis. Median postoperative stay was 4 days (2-8). Thirty two (75%) pneumococcal culture negative specimens were pneumococcal DNA positive; 17 (53%) of these were serotype 1. All were penicillin sensitive.
conclusionsPneumococcus is the major pathogen in childhood empyema and serotype 1 is the prevalent serotype. This has implications for vaccine development and immunisation strategy as the current 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine does not protect against serotype 1.
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