ReviewImmunology2004
Interleukin-21 is a T-helper cytokine that regulates humoral immunity and cell-mediated anti-tumour responses.
Review in Immunology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-adhesion and Anti-inflammatory Potential of the Leaderless Class IIb Bacteriocin Enterocin DD14.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2022Article
- The Half-Life-Extended IL21 can Be Combined With Multiple Checkpoint Inhibitors for Tumor Immunotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- The Tree Shrew as a Model for Cancer Research.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Serum Ghrelin Levels in Saudi Obese Asthmatic School-Children-Correlation with Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, and Interleukin-21.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Functionally impaired follicular helper T cells induce regulatory B cells and CD14Cancer science · 2018Article
- The mathematics of cancer: integrating quantitative models.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2015Review
- Key mediators in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma.International immunopharmacology · 2014Review
- Cytokines in cancer immunotherapy.Cancers · 2011Article
- Treatment of allergic asthma: modulation of Th2 cells and their responses.Respiratory research · 2011Review
- Inflammatory and microRNA gene expression as prognostic classifier of Barrett's-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2010Article
- Article
- Involvement of ERK-1/2 in IL-21-induced cytokine production in leukemia cells and human monocytes.Cytokine · 2008Article
- New drugs targeting Th2 lymphocytes in asthma.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2008Article
- Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2006Article
- The IL-21 receptor augments Th2 effector function and alternative macrophage activation.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2006Article
- Interleukins 18 and 21: biology, mechanisms of action, toxicity, and clinical activity.Current oncology reports · 2006Review
- The role of natural killer cells in tumor control--effectors and regulators of adaptive immunity.Springer seminars in immunopathology · 2005Review
- CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, immunotherapy of cancer, and interleukin-2.Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines and their receptors represent key targets for therapeutic intervention. Ligands are being used to supplement cell numbers that become depleted as a result of disease (organ failure, infection) or subsequent disease treatments (i.e. chemotherapy). Conversely, the inhibition of target cell binding by cytokines is an established strategy for abrogating pathologic cellular activities common to many immunological diseases. Considerable effort in biomedical research is being focused on the cytokine families that play a dominant role in regulating immunity and then prioritizing each member for its therapeutic potential. Currently, the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family of cytokines is widely recognized for its central involvement in controlling lymphocyte function and is the most explored for medical utility. Collectively, these proteins (or their antagonists) are either marketed drugs or have received advanced testing for an impressive array of indications including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, inflammation and allergic asthma. Here we review the current understanding of IL-21, the most recent member of this cytokine family to be discovered. As will be discussed, IL-21 shares many of the same attributes as its relatives in that it has broad immunoregulatory activity and can modulate both humoral and cell-mediated responses. Its ability to stimulate durable anti-tumour responses in mice defines one therapeutic indication that merits clinical development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.