ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2004
Interactions between worm infections and malaria.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Helminth infection and eosinophilia and the risk of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 1- to 6-year-old children in a malaria endemic area.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2008Trial
- The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and early childhood [ISRCTN32849447].Clinical trials (London, England) · 2007Trial
- Helminth/Protozoan Coinfections in Chronic Fascioliasis Cases in Human Hyperendemic Areas: High Risk of Multiparasitism Linked to Transmission Aspects and Immunological, Environmental and Social Factors.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Innate Immune Response to Helminth Infections.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- The impact of soil transmitted helminth on malaria clinical presentation and treatment outcome: A case control study among children in Bagamoyo district, coastal region of Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Toxoplasma gondii infection and high levels of IgE are associated to erythema nodosum leprosy (ENL).PloS one · 2024Article
- Extremely low malaria prevalence in a wetland specialist passerine.Parasitology · 2020Article
- Cytokine profiles ofCytokine: X · 2019Article
- Response of outbred albino mice to concomitantJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2017Article
- IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP receptor are not critical for development of experimental murine malaria.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2016Article
- The importance of multiparasitism: examining the consequences of co-infections for human and animal health.Parasites & vectors · 2015Review
- Immunomodulation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: experiments in nature and their conflicting implications for potential therapeutic agents.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2012Review
- Intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren in different settings of Côte d'Ivoire: effect of diagnostic approach and implications for control.Parasites & vectors · 2012Article
- A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: the problem of helminthiases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Review
- A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: basic research and enabling technologies to support control and elimination of helminthiases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Review
- Twenty-first century progress toward the global control of human hookworm infection.Current infectious disease reports · 2011Article
- IgE mediates killing of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii by human macrophages through CD23-dependent, interleukin-10 sensitive pathway.PloS one · 2011Article
- Heterogeneities and consequences of Plasmodium species and hookworm coinfection: a population based study in Uganda.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2011Article
- Concurrent helminthic infection protects schoolchildren with Plasmodium vivax from anemia.PloS one · 2010Article
- Human helminth co-infection: no evidence of common genetic control of hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in a Brazilian community.International journal for parasitology · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Helminths are the most prevalent parasitic infections and malaria is the deadliest parasitic disease. Helminths have been reported to be protective against the severe forms of malaria but they were also possibly linked to increased malaria-incidence and gametocyte carriage. Connecting the dots between observations suggests that statistical regularities throughout the evolution of worms and malaria parasites in the same hosts, may have led to the emergence of non-zero interactions as observed in iterated prisoners dilemma games. Thus by protecting the host, helminths protect themselves and their reproductive potential, but also favor the dissemination and reproduction of Plasmodium falciparum. The proximate causes of this evolutionarily stable strategy might be mediated by IgE and the CD23/NO pathway, the protective role of IL10 in helminth-infected patients, and possibly the hematological consequences of worms. The chronic activation of the CD23/NO pathway might be instrumental in downregulating the expression of cytoadherence receptors thus reducing sequestration of parasitized red blood cells in the deep organs. Mild anemia in helminth-infected patients might favor gametocytogenesis and send attractive cues to the vector. This framework leads to numerous testable hypotheses and could explain certain singularities regarding the double edged role of IgE and NO. Among these hypotheses, there are 2 practical ones: the impact of helminths on malaria vaccine candidates, and the theoretical risk of increasing the severity of malaria after anthelmintics. The capacity for increased IgE responses could thus have been vital in our ancestor's wormy and malarious past. Allergies may be what remains of it in the modern world.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.