ArticleJournal of virology2004
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins that lack cytoplasmic domain cysteines: impact on association with membrane lipid rafts and incorporation onto budding virus particles.
Article in Journal of virology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- S-palmitoylation and depalmitoylation at the interface of animal virus-host interactions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Characterization of full-length and cytoplasmic tail-truncated envelope glycoproteins incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) virions and virus-like particles.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Raman Fingerprints of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants: Molecular Roots of Virological Characteristics and Evolutionary Directions.ACS infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Glycan dependent phenotype differences of HIV-1 generated from macrophage versus CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Protein Palmitoylation Modification During Viral Infection and Detection Methods of Palmitoylated Proteins.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Structural Domains of the Herpes Simplex Type 1 gD Protein that Restrict HIV-1 Particle Infectivity.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Oregano Oil and Its Principal Component, Carvacrol, Inhibit HIV-1 Fusion into Target Cells.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Lipid rafts and pathogens: the art of deception and exploitation.Journal of lipid research · 2020Review
- Membrane Heterogeneity Beyond the Plasma Membrane.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Review
- Analysis of herpes simplex type 1 gB, gD, and gH/gL on production of infectious HIV-1: HSV-1 gD restricts HIV-1 by exclusion of HIV-1 Env from maturing viral particles.Retrovirology · 2019Article
- The Membrane-Active Phytopeptide Cycloviolacin O2 Simultaneously Targets HIV-1-infected Cells and Infectious Viral Particles to Potentiate the Efficacy of Antiretroviral Drugs.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Localization to detergent-resistant membranes and HIV-1 core entry inhibition correlate with HIV-1 restriction by SERINC5.Virology · 2018Article
- Unraveling the role of membrane microdomains during microbial infections.Cell biology and toxicology · 2017Review
- The Myxobacterial Metabolite Soraphen A Inhibits HIV-1 by Reducing Virus Production and Altering Virion Composition.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2017Article
- Protein Palmitoylation and Its Role in Bacterial and Viral Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The cytoplasmic tail of retroviral envelope glycoproteins.Progress in molecular biology and translational science · 2015Review
- Article
- The role of matrix in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein incorporation.Trends in microbiology · 2014Review
- Understanding the process of envelope glycoprotein incorporation into virions in simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses.Viruses · 2014Review
- The immunological synapse: the gateway to the HIV reservoir.Immunological reviews · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope comprises a surface gp120 and a transmembrane gp41. The cytoplasmic domain of gp41 contains cysteine residues (C764 and C837) which are targets for palmitoylation and were reported to be required for envelope association with lipid rafts and assembly on budding virions (I. Rousso, M. B. Mixon, B. K. Chen, and P. S. Kim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13523-13525, 2000). Several infectious HIV-1 clones contain envelopes that have no gp41 cytoplasmic cysteines. Since no other gp41 amino acid is a target for palmitoylation, these clones imply that palmitoylation is not essential for envelope trafficking and assembly. Here, we show that HIV-1 envelope mutants that lack gp41 cytoplasmic cysteines are excluded from light lipid rafts. Envelopes that contained residues with bulky hydrophobic side chains instead of cysteines retained their association with heavy rafts and were nearly fully functional for incorporation into virions and infectivity. Substitution of cysteines with alanines or serines eliminated raft association and more severely reduced envelope incorporation onto virions and their infectivity. Nevertheless, the A764/A837 mutant envelope retained nearly 40% infectivity compared to the wild type, even though this envelope was excluded from lipid rafts. Our results demonstrate that gp41 cytoplasmic cysteines that are targets for palmitoylation and are required for envelope trafficking to classical lipid rafts are not essential for HIV-1 replication.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.