ArticleThe American journal of pathology2004
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reverses squamous metaplasia and induces transitional differentiation in normal human urothelial cells.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Connexin 32 constrains a mesenchymal-like switch in differentiated urothelium and luminal cancers.Life science alliance · 2026Article
- IGF2BP3 promotes the muscle invasion of bladder cancer via PPARγ dysregulation.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and implications of epithelial cell plasticity in the bladder.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Nuclear Receptors in Bladder Cancer: Insights into miRNA-Mediated Regulation and Potential Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- PPARγ promotes urothelial remodeling during urinary tract obstruction.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- PPARG contributes to urothelial integrity in the murine ureter by activating the expression of Shh and superficial cell-specific genes.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Article
- Rosiglitazone and trametinib exhibit potent anti-tumor activity in a mouse model of muscle invasive bladder cancer.Nature communications · 2024Article
- High frequency of concomitant squamous metaplasia in bulbar urethral stricture and its association with reconstructive delay and urethral rest.World journal of urology · 2024Article
- Liver X receptor alpha ensures blood-brain barrier function by suppressing SNAI2.Cell death & disease · 2023Article
- A genome-wide CRISPR screen maps endogenous regulators of PPARG gene expression in bladder cancer.iScience · 2023Article
- An immunoresponsive three-dimensional urine-tolerant human urothelial model to study urinary tract infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Chronic Arsenic Exposure Upregulates the Expression of Basal Transcriptional Factors and Increases Invasiveness of the Non-Muscle Invasive Papillary Bladder Cancer Line RT4.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Inhibition of retinoid X receptor improved the morphology, localization of desmosomal proteins and paracellular permeability in three-dimensional cultures of mouse keratinocytes.Microscopy (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Barrier-Forming Potential of Epithelial Cells from the Exstrophic Bladder.The American journal of pathology · 2022Article
- The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Development, regeneration and tumorigenesis of the urothelium.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2022Review
- Understanding Molecular Mechanisms and Identifying Key Processes in Chronic Radiation Cystitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Alterations of Chromatin Regulators in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma.Cancers · 2021Review
- Pparg signaling controls bladder cancer subtype and immune exclusion.Nature communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We observed that in urothelium, both cornifying and noncornifying forms of squamous metaplasia are accompanied by changes in the localization of the nuclear hormone receptors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) and retinoid X receptor (RXR-alpha). To obtain objective evidence for a role for PPAR-gamma-mediated signaling in urothelial differentiation, we examined expression of the cytokeratin isotypes CK13, CK20, and CK14 as indicators of transitional, terminal transitional, and squamous differentiation, respectively, in cultures of normal human urothelial cells. In control culture conditions, normal human urothelial cells showed evidence of squamous differentiation (CK14+, CK13-, CK20-). Treatment with the high-affinity PPAR-gamma agonist, troglitazone (TZ), resulted in gain of CK13 and loss of CK14 protein expression. The effect of TZ was significantly augmented when the autocrine-stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor pathway was inhibited and this resulted in induction of CK20 expression. The RXR-specific inhibitors PA452, HX531, and HX603 inhibited the TZ-induced CK13 expression, supporting a role for RXR in the induction of CK13 expression. Thus, signaling through PPAR-gamma can mediate transitional differentiation of urothelial cells and this is modulated by growth regulatory programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.