ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2004
Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 417 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
417 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Implication of Horizontal Gene Transfer BetweenPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Global prevalence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in sewage and sewage-related environments-systematic review with meta-analysis.Parasitology research · 2024Pooled it
- Genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba in keratitis: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2021Pooled it
- Water Management for Construction: Evidence for Risk Characterization in Community and Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Electrolyzed Water as a Biocide in Premise Water Networks: A Narrative Review and a Conceptual Framework.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Temperature and pH growth preferences predict the pathogenicity and environmental distributions of nontuberculous mycobacteria.mSystems · 2026Article
- Retail-Level Microbiomes of Organic and Conventional Fresh Produce: A Multi-Kingdom Analysis of Amoeba-Associated Bacterial Viability.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Differential Responses ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface: Antimicrobial Resistance, Environmental Persistence and Cross-Species Exposure Risks.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Efficacy of phosphonium amphiphilic salts against Acanthamoeba genotype T4.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2026Article
- High-efficiency transfection of Acanthamoeba castellanii using a cationic polymer.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Molecular and Culture-Based Surveillance of Free-Living Amoebae in Human Related Sources in an Outermost Region.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Emodin treatment is associated with enhanced resistance toFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Molecular evolution and adaptations ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Protist community sites and structure under two barn management systems at a commercial dairy.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2026Article
- The effect of Legionella pneumophila infection on the encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii.Parasites, hosts and diseases · 2026Article
- Isolation and Molecular Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba in Tap Water Faucets in Quezon City, Philippines.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Review
- Combating resilient Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts: Ultrasonic frequency-dependent effects on viability and excystment.Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2026Article
357 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Free-living amoebae feed on bacteria, fungi, and algae. However, some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to these protists. These amoeba-resistant microorganisms include established pathogens, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Legionella spp., Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Francisella tularensis, and emerging pathogens, such as Bosea spp., Simkania negevensis, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, and Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. Some of these amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) are lytic for their amoebal host, while others are considered endosymbionts, since a stable host-parasite ratio is maintained. Free-living amoebae represent an important reservoir of ARB and may, while encysted, protect the internalized bacteria from chlorine and other biocides. Free-living amoebae may act as a Trojan horse, bringing hidden ARB within the human "Troy," and may produce vesicles filled with ARB, increasing their transmission potential. Free-living amoebae may also play a role in the selection of virulence traits and in adaptation to survival in macrophages. Thus, intra-amoebal growth was found to enhance virulence, and similar mechanisms seem to be implicated in the survival of ARB in response to both amoebae and macrophages. Moreover, free-living amoebae represent a useful tool for the culture of some intracellular bacteria and new bacterial species that might be potential emerging pathogens.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.