ArticleArchives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)2004
The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States.
Article in Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 11 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 455 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of Diabetes Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated With Different Regimens: a Multicentre Randomized Parallel-group Clinical Trial
Pilot Study of the Evaluation of Sirolimus in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
A Pilot Study for the Evaluation of Minocycline as a Microglia Inhibitor in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
A Pilot Phase I/II Study for the Evaluation of Dextromethorphan as a Microglia Inhibitor in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema (MiDME2)
Intravitreal Aflibercept for Retinal Non-Perfusion in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Intravitreal Aflibercept as Indicated by Real-Time Objective Imaging to Achieve Diabetic Retinopathy Improvement
Effect of Dexamethasone on Reduction of Macular Thickness in Diabetic Patients, a Randomized Clinical Trial
Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Aflibercept Injections for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy for Subjects Who Completed the 2-Year PANORAMA Trial
Performance Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diabetic Retinopathy Grading in the Leuven University Hospital: Can Technology Improve the Resident?
Aqueous Biomarker Levels in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema
E-CLAIR: Efficiency and Cost-effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Based Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in Flanders
Who cites it
455 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review on biomarker potential of vitreous microRNA in retinal disease.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence, incidence and future projection of diabetic eye disease in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2020Pooled it
- Prevalence, risk factors and burden of diabetic retinopathy in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Michigan Screening and Intervention for Glaucoma and Eye Health through Telemedicine Program: Impact on Vision, Follow-up, and Costs.Ophthalmology · 2025Trial
- Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of biosimilars of bevacizumab in näive patients with diabetic macular edema.Indian journal of pharmacology · 2024Trial
- Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: The Thessaloniki Eye Study.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Proteomic Analysis of Retinas from Two Different Type-1 Diabetic Models.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- MicroRNAs: A Social Network in Diabetic Retinopathy.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Impact of Prior Diabetic Retinal Screening on Hospitalization and Ophthalmic Follow-Up in Diabetic Patients with Newly Diagnosed Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Quantitative Analysis of Vitreo-Macular Adhesion in Diabetic Patients Without Proliferative Retinopathy.Cureus · 2026Article
- Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiographic Quantitative Leakage Parameters and Clinical Outcomes in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.JAMA ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Racial Variations in Retinal Oxygen Metabolic Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Pilot Study.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-based apps for screening and diagnosing diabetic retinopathy and common ocular disorders.World journal of methodology · 2025Review
- Hearing Loss, Retinal Abnormality, and Seizures in People With Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy.Muscle & nerve · 2025Article
- Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Among Federally Qualified Health Center Patients Using Point-of-Care AI: DRES-POCAI: A Trial Protocol.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Understanding nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy progression using noninvasive imaging.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Toll Like Receptors Promote High Glucose-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Adherence to diabetic retinopathy care and barriers to service utilization in Nepal.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Twenty-Year Trends in Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetic Retinal Disease.Ophthalmology · 2025Article
395 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults 40 years and older in the United States.
methodsPooled analysis of data from 8 population-based eye surveys was used to estimate the prevalence, among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM), of retinopathy and of vision-threatening retinopathy-defined as proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy and/or macular edema. Within strata of age, race/ethnicity, and gender, US prevalence rates were estimated by multiplying these values by the prevalence of DM reported in the 1999 National Health Interview Survey and the 2000 US Census population.
resultsAmong an estimated 10.2 million US adults 40 years and older known to have DM, the estimated crude prevalence rates for retinopathy and vision-threatening retinopathy were 40.3% and 8.2%, respectively. The estimated US general population prevalence rates for retinopathy and vision-threatening retinopathy were 3.4% (4.1 million persons) and 0.75% (899 000 persons). Future projections suggest that diabetic retinopathy will increase as a public health problem, both with aging of the US population and increasing age-specific prevalence of DM over time.
conclusionApproximately 4.1 million US adults 40 years and older have diabetic retinopathy; 1 of every 12 persons with DM in this age group has advanced, vision-threatening retinopathy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.