ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2004
Intestinal villous M cells: an antigen entry site in the mucosal epithelium.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 163 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
163 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 457 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Increased number of intestinal villous M cells in levamisole -pretreated weaned pigs experimentally infected with F4ac⁺ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain.European journal of histochemistry : EJH · 2010Trial
- Peyer's patch M cells organize an epithelial niche that sustains group 3 innate lymphoid cells and IL-22.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Mucosal immunity: mechanism and application in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Teleost intestinal microfold cells: identification, characterization, and mucosal antigen sampling in olive flounder (Marine life science & technology · 2026Article
- Intestinal CD4Nature communications · 2025Article
- Morphological Characterization of Intrafollicular Epithelial Bodies (IFEBs) in Rabbit Peyer's Patches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Esophageal and Ileal Ulcers Caused by Hydroxycarbamide: A Case Report and Literature Review.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Review
- Mechanisms conferring multi-layered protection against intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- The renaissance of oral tolerance: merging tradition and new insights.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- A homeostatic gut-to-brain insulin antagonist restrains neuronally stimulated fat loss.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Glycosylated SARs Cov 2 interaction with plant lectins.Glycoconjugate journal · 2024Review
- Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells "know" where they are needed.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Critical Signaling Transduction Pathways and Intestinal Barrier: Implications for Pathophysiology and Therapeutics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Visualizing the activation of encephalitogenic T cells in the ileal lamina propria by in vivo two-photon imaging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- An updated review on oral protein-based antigen vaccines efficiency and delivery approaches: a special attention to infectious diseases.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- Article
- A novelDiscovery immunology · 2023Article
- Type II taste cells participate in mucosal immune surveillance.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Article
103 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
M cells located in the follicle-associated epithelium of Peyer's patches (PP) are shown to be the principal sites for the sampling of gut luminal antigens. Thus, PP have long been considered the gatekeepers of the mucosal immune system. Here, we report a distinct gateway for the uptake of gut bacteria: clusters of non-follicle-associated epithelium-associated Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA)-1(+) cells, which we have designated intestinal villous M cells. Interestingly, villous M cells are developed in various PP [or gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)]-null mice, such as in utero lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR)-Ig-treated, lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha)(-/-), tumor necrosis factor/LTalpha(-/-), and inhibition of differentiation 2 (Id2)(-/-) mice. Intestinal villous M cells have been observed to take up GFP-expressing Salmonella, Yersinia, and Escherichia coli-expressing invasin, as well as gut bacterial antigen for subsequent induction of antigen-specific immune responses. Thus, the identified villous M cells could be an alternative and PP-independent gateway for the induction of antigen-specific immune responses by means of the mucosal compartment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.